Cardiovascular Flashcards
what is the order of blood flow throughout the heart ?
(from beginning to end)
- Deoxygenated blood from the Vena Cava to the Right Atria
- Tricuspid valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs
- Oxygenated blood back through the pulmonary veins
- Left Atria
- Bicuspid Valve
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Aorta to the systems of the body
what are the layers of the heart?
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
explain the parts of a PQRST wave:
P: atrial depolarization (contraction)
QRS: ventricular depolarization
T: ventricular repolarization
what is the equation for cardiac output?
CO=stroke volume (SV) time heart rate (HR)
what does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do to blood pressure?
it increases blood pressure
what does renin-angiotensin aldosterone Hormone do to blood pressure?
it increases blood pressure
what is pericarditis?
inflammation of the pericardium
what are some manifestations of pericarditis?
(name a few)
-pericardial friction rub (graft sounds);
-sharp, sudden, severe chest pain that increases with deep inspiration and decreases with sitting up/leaning forward;
-dyspnea
-tachycardia
-palpitations
-edema
what is ineffective endocarditis?
bacterial inflammation and infection of endocardium and heart valves
what are some life threatening complications of ineffective endocarditis?
myocardial infarction, stroke, or pulmonary embolism
what are some manifestations of ineffective endocarditis?
-flu-life symptoms
-embolization
-heart murmur
-petechiae
-splinter hemorrhages under nails
-hematuria
-edema
what are some complications of myocarditis?
-heart failure
-cardiomyopathy
-dysrhythmia
-thrombus formation
what is myocarditis?
serious inflammation of the myocardium (cardiac muscle)
what are some manifestations of myocarditis?
(just name a few)
-flu like symptoms
-dyspnea
-palpitations
-tachycardia
-heart mumurs
-chest discomfort
-cardiomegaly
-pale and cool extremities
-syncope (loss of consciousness for a short time)
-decreased urine output
what does stenosis mean? how does this relate to valves?
stenosis: narrowing
-when relating to valves, this means the valves are allowing less blood to flow through
what are some causes of the valvular disorders?
-congenital defect
-infective endocarditis
-rheumatic fever
-myocardial infraction
what are some manifestations of valvular disorders?
it depends on valve but reflect changed cardiac flow
what is cardiomyopathy?
acquired/inherited conditions that enlarge myocardium
what can cardiomyopathy lead to?
heart failure, arrhythmias or valvular disorders
what are some manifestations of cardiomyopathy?
-dyspnea, orthopnea
-fatigue
-syncope
-angina (chest pain)
-dysrhythmias (irregular rhythm)
describe the difference between cardiomyopathy?
-dilated: ventricles becomes enlarges, myocardia becomes weaker and thinner
-hypertrophic: ventricular septum hypertrophies (stiff, unable to relax)
what is Sinus Bradycardia?
-less than 60 bpm
-slow waves on EKG
what is Sinus Tachycardia?
-more than 100 bpm
-fast waves on EKG
what is dysrhythmias: ventricular?
-ventricular premature contraction (contraction occurs before SA nodes signals it too)
-ventricular tachycardia (beats too fast)
-ventricular fibrillation (decreased blood ejection)
what is heart failure?
heart is unable to pump adequate blood to meet body’s metabolic needs
describe the difference between left sided and right sided heart failure:
Left side: cardiac output falls, blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation
Right side: blood backs up to the peripheral circulation
what is an aneurysm?
high pressure, plaque and infections weaken artery walls
what are some risk factors of aneurysms?
-atherosclerosis
-hypertension
-dyslipidemia
-diabetes
-tobacco
what is dyslipidemia?
elevated lipid levels in the blood
describe the difference between primary and secondary dyslipidemia:
primary: gene mutation that produce an overproduction of LDL and excessive clearance of HDL
secondary: lifestyle factors, sedentary, smoking, liver disease obesity
what are some manifestations of dyslipidemia?
asymptomatic until other disease states present
what is atherosclerosis?
thickening and hardening of blood vessels caused by chronic inflammatory conditions inside the arteries
(plaque develop in vessels)
what is Peripheral Vascular Disease?
atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries
what are some manifestations of Peripheral Vascular Disease?
-pain, burning
-numbness
-non-healing wounds
-skin color changes
-impotency, ED
what is thrombus?
a stationary blood clot
what is Virchow’s triad?
-endothelial injury
-can lead to hypercoagulability (too much clotting)
what is emboli?
traveling thrombus that is embedded in a small vessel
what is coronary artery disease?
atherosclerosis do the coronary arteries
what are the 3 types of coronary artery disease?
- obstructive: 50% blockage of large coronary arteries
- nonobstructive: less than 50% blockage of large coronary arteries
- microvascular: restricted vasodilation in arterioles and capillaries
what are some non-modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease?
-age
-male gender
-family history
what are some modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease?
-keeping BP below 140/90
-hypercholesterolemia
-smoking
-stress
-obesity
-inactivity
-diabetes
describe myocardial infraction:
death of myocardium due to sudden blockage of coronary blood flow
what are some manifestations of myocardial infraction?
-angia/pain: burning, tight band around chest, crushing/squeezing nature
what does ischemia?
restriction in blood supply to tissues, muscles and/or organ
describe the difference in EKG ischemia and infraction patterns:
A: normal
B: mild ischemia- inverted T wave
C: moderate ischemia- ST depression and inverted T wave
D and E: myocardial infraction-ST elevation
F: ST elevation, prominent Q
what is hypertension?
prolonged elevation in blood pressure
describe the difference types of hypertension:
primary: develops gradually over many years, no acute physiological cause
secondary: sudden spike in BP
pregnancy induced (preeclampsia)
what are some manifestations of hypertension?
-silent killer: often none…
-early morning headaches
-dull aching headaches throughout the day
-visual disturbances
-orthostatic hyper/hypotensive changes
-fatigue
-proteinuria
what is shock?
inadequate tissue perfusion because of decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation
what are some manifestations of shock?
thrist, tachycardia, restlessness, irritability, tachypnea progressing to Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cool and pale skin, hypotension, cyanosis and decreasing urinary output
