Cardiovascular

Question 1

what is the order of blood flow throughout the heart ?
(from beginning to end)

Answer 1

1. Deoxygenated blood from the Vena Cava to the Right Atria
2. Tricuspid valve
3. Right Ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs
5. Oxygenated blood back through the pulmonary veins
6. Left Atria
7. Bicuspid Valve
8. Aortic semilunar valve
9. Aorta to the systems of the body

Question 2

what are the layers of the heart?

Answer 2

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

Question 3

explain the parts of a PQRST wave:

Answer 3

P: atrial depolarization (contraction)
QRS: ventricular depolarization
T: ventricular repolarization

Question 4

what is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 4

CO=stroke volume (SV) time heart rate (HR)

Question 5

what does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do to blood pressure?

Answer 5

it increases blood pressure

Question 6

what does renin-angiotensin aldosterone Hormone do to blood pressure?

Answer 6

it increases blood pressure

Question 7

what is pericarditis?

Answer 7

inflammation of the pericardium

Question 8

what are some manifestations of pericarditis?

(name a few)

Answer 8

-pericardial friction rub (graft sounds);
-sharp, sudden, severe chest pain that increases with deep inspiration and decreases with sitting up/leaning forward;
-dyspnea
-tachycardia
-palpitations
-edema

Question 9

what is ineffective endocarditis?

Answer 9

bacterial inflammation and infection of endocardium and heart valves

Question 10

what are some life threatening complications of ineffective endocarditis?

Answer 10

myocardial infarction, stroke, or pulmonary embolism

Question 11

what are some manifestations of ineffective endocarditis?

Answer 11

-flu-life symptoms
-embolization
-heart murmur
-petechiae
-splinter hemorrhages under nails
-hematuria
-edema

Question 12

what are some complications of myocarditis?

Answer 12

-heart failure
-cardiomyopathy
-dysrhythmia
-thrombus formation

Question 13

what is myocarditis?

Answer 13

serious inflammation of the myocardium (cardiac muscle)

Question 14

what are some manifestations of myocarditis?

(just name a few)

Answer 14

-flu like symptoms
-dyspnea
-palpitations
-tachycardia
-heart mumurs
-chest discomfort
-cardiomegaly
-pale and cool extremities
-syncope (loss of consciousness for a short time)
-decreased urine output

Question 15

what does stenosis mean? how does this relate to valves?

Answer 15

stenosis: narrowing

-when relating to valves, this means the valves are allowing less blood to flow through

Question 16

what are some causes of the valvular disorders?

Answer 16

-congenital defect
-infective endocarditis
-rheumatic fever
-myocardial infraction

Question 17

what are some manifestations of valvular disorders?

Answer 17

it depends on valve but reflect changed cardiac flow

Question 18

what is cardiomyopathy?

Answer 18

acquired/inherited conditions that enlarge myocardium

Question 19

what can cardiomyopathy lead to?

Answer 19

heart failure, arrhythmias or valvular disorders

Question 20

what are some manifestations of cardiomyopathy?

Answer 20

-dyspnea, orthopnea
-fatigue
-syncope
-angina (chest pain)
-dysrhythmias (irregular rhythm)

Question 21

describe the difference between cardiomyopathy?

Answer 21

-dilated: ventricles becomes enlarges, myocardia becomes weaker and thinner

-hypertrophic: ventricular septum hypertrophies (stiff, unable to relax)

Question 22

what is Sinus Bradycardia?

Answer 22

-less than 60 bpm
-slow waves on EKG

Question 23

what is Sinus Tachycardia?

Answer 23

-more than 100 bpm
-fast waves on EKG

Question 24

what is dysrhythmias: ventricular?

Answer 24

-ventricular premature contraction (contraction occurs before SA nodes signals it too)
-ventricular tachycardia (beats too fast)
-ventricular fibrillation (decreased blood ejection)

Question 25

what is heart failure?

Answer 25

heart is unable to pump adequate blood to meet body’s metabolic needs

Question 26

describe the difference between left sided and right sided heart failure:

Answer 26

Left side: cardiac output falls, blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation

Right side: blood backs up to the peripheral circulation

Question 27

what is an aneurysm?

Answer 27

high pressure, plaque and infections weaken artery walls

Question 28

what are some risk factors of aneurysms?

Answer 28

-atherosclerosis
-hypertension
-dyslipidemia
-diabetes
-tobacco

Question 29

what is dyslipidemia?

Answer 29

elevated lipid levels in the blood

Question 30

describe the difference between primary and secondary dyslipidemia:

Answer 30

primary: gene mutation that produce an overproduction of LDL and excessive clearance of HDL

secondary: lifestyle factors, sedentary, smoking, liver disease obesity

Question 31

what are some manifestations of dyslipidemia?

Answer 31

asymptomatic until other disease states present

Question 32

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 32

thickening and hardening of blood vessels caused by chronic inflammatory conditions inside the arteries
(plaque develop in vessels)

Question 33

what is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

Answer 33

atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries

Question 34

what are some manifestations of Peripheral Vascular Disease?

Answer 34

-pain, burning
-numbness
-non-healing wounds
-skin color changes
-impotency, ED

Question 35

what is thrombus?

Answer 35

a stationary blood clot

Question 36

what is Virchow’s triad?

Answer 36

-endothelial injury
-can lead to hypercoagulability (too much clotting)

Question 37

what is emboli?

Answer 37

traveling thrombus that is embedded in a small vessel

Question 38

what is coronary artery disease?

Answer 38

atherosclerosis do the coronary arteries

Question 39

what are the 3 types of coronary artery disease?

Answer 39

1. obstructive: 50% blockage of large coronary arteries
2. nonobstructive: less than 50% blockage of large coronary arteries
3. microvascular: restricted vasodilation in arterioles and capillaries

Question 40

what are some non-modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease?

Answer 40

-age
-male gender
-family history

Question 41

what are some modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease?

Answer 41

-keeping BP below 140/90
-hypercholesterolemia
-smoking
-stress
-obesity
-inactivity
-diabetes

Question 42

describe myocardial infraction:

Answer 42

death of myocardium due to sudden blockage of coronary blood flow

Question 43

what are some manifestations of myocardial infraction?

Answer 43

-angia/pain: burning, tight band around chest, crushing/squeezing nature

Question 44

what does ischemia?

Answer 44

restriction in blood supply to tissues, muscles and/or organ

Question 45

describe the difference in EKG ischemia and infraction patterns:

Answer 45

A: normal
B: mild ischemia- inverted T wave
C: moderate ischemia- ST depression and inverted T wave
D and E: myocardial infraction-ST elevation
F: ST elevation, prominent Q

Question 46

what is hypertension?

Answer 46

prolonged elevation in blood pressure

Question 47

describe the difference types of hypertension:

Answer 47

primary: develops gradually over many years, no acute physiological cause

secondary: sudden spike in BP

pregnancy induced (preeclampsia)

Question 48

what are some manifestations of hypertension?

Answer 48

-silent killer: often none…
-early morning headaches
-dull aching headaches throughout the day
-visual disturbances
-orthostatic hyper/hypotensive changes
-fatigue
-proteinuria

Question 49

what is shock?

Answer 49

inadequate tissue perfusion because of decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation

Question 50

what are some manifestations of shock?

Answer 50

thrist, tachycardia, restlessness, irritability, tachypnea progressing to Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cool and pale skin, hypotension, cyanosis and decreasing urinary output