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SCT1 Pathology > Cellular Adaption > Flashcards

Cellular Adaption Flashcards

1
Q

The cell has the ability to __________ their structure and function when exposed to stressful situation by undergoing __________ changes, to ensure survival and maintenance of function.

A

MAINTAIN
+
ADAPTIVE

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2
Q

It is only when the stress factors are overwhelming or adaption is ineffectual, that cell ________ or ________ occurs.

A

INJURY
or
DEATH

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3
Q

Adaptive changes in cells occur in _______, ______ or ______, and could happen singly or in combination.

A

NUMBER,
SIZE
or
FORM

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4
Q

There are numerous ____________ mechanisms mediating cellular adaption, that depend upon signals transmitted by chemical messengers.

A

MOLECULAR

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5
Q

Molecular messengers exert their influence by altering ______ function.

A

GENE

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6
Q

Name the 2 types of genes expressed that determine the differentiating characteristics of a particular cell type?

A

HOUSEKEEPING - necessary for normal cell function
+
DIFFERENTIATING - determine differentiating characteristics of a particular cell type.

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7
Q

In adaptive cellular responses, name the gene which is altered, while the other remains unaffected?

A

DIFFERENTIATING GENE

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8
Q

Cells are able to change in _______ and _______ without compromising normal function.

A

SIZE
and
FORM

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9
Q

Once the ____________ for adaption is removed, cell resumes it’s previous state of specialized function, and adaptive response ceases.

A

STIMULUS

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10
Q

Name the term which implies that an organism remains within a certain range of physiological parameters to maintain stable function?

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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11
Q

Name the term which implies that an organ constantly varies and adjusts physiological parameters to maintain stable function?

A

ALLOSTASIS

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12
Q

What is the term which refers to decreases in cell size?

A

ATROPHY

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13
Q

Name the 2 situations where atrophy can occur?

A

DECREASE IN WORK DEMANDS
+
ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

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14
Q

During atrophy, cells revert to a __________ size, and a lower, more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival.

A

SMALLER

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15
Q
  1. Disuse of skeletal muscles
  2. Denervation
  3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
  4. Inadequate nutrition
  5. Ischemia or decreased blood flow

What do these 5 categories represent?

A

ATROPHY

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16
Q

What is the term which refers to an increase in cell size?

A

HYPERTROPHY

17
Q

Hypertrophy occurs because of an ____________ workload imposed on an organ or body part.

A

INCREASED WORKLOAD

18
Q

Hypertrophy is commonly witnessed in skeletal and __________ muscle tissue which cannot form more cells by __________ division.

A

CARDIAC
+
MITOTIC

19
Q

Name the causes of hypertrophy?

A 
1. NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS (EXERCISE)
\+
2. ABNORMAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 
A. ADAPTIVE HYPERTROPHY
B. COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
20
Q

If a long term condition of one organ, causes another organ to transform, what type of hypertrophy is that?

A

ADAPTIVE HYPERTROPHY

21
Q

If enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue occurs after the removal or inactivity of another, what type of hypertrophy is that?

A

COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY

22
Q

Muscles do not regrow as bones do, instead they bridge the gap with ______ _______.

A

SCAR TISSUE

23
Q

Name the term which refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue?

A

HYPERPLASIA

24
Q

Hyperplasia occurs in cells which are capable of ___________ division.

A

MITOTIC

25
Q

Name examples of cells capable of mitotic division?

A 
EPIDERMIS
\+
INTESTINAL
\+
EPITHELIUM
\+
GLANDULAR TISSUE
26
Q

Name the two common types of physiological hyperplasia?

A

HORMONAL - breast and uterine during pregnancy
+
COMPENSATORY - regeneration of liver after partial removal (hepatectomy), and wound healing

27
Q

Name the two common types of NON-physiological hyperplasia?

A

HORMONAL - menstrual bleeding
+
EFFECTS OF GROWTH FACTORS ON TARGET TISSUE - skin warts

28
Q

Name the term which refers to reversible changes in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type?

A

METAPLASIA

29
Q

Metaplasia occurs as a result of chronic ____________ and ____________, for good reasons.

A

IRRITATION
+
INFLAMMATION

30
Q

What role does metaplasia play in the trachea and large airways of a habitual cigarette smoker?

A

ADAPTIVE SUBSTITUTION OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS FOR COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS.

31
Q

Name the term which refers to deranged cell growth of a specific tissue, that results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization?

A

DYSPLASIA

32
Q

Minor degrees of dysplasia are associated with chronic ___________ and ______________; in adaptive cases, it is reversible after the irritation is removed.

A

IRRITATION
+
INFLAMMATION

33
Q

Dysplasia is strongly implicated as a precursor of __________.

A

CANCER

SCT1 Pathology (12 decks)

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