Cellular Adaption Flashcards
The cell has the ability to __________ their structure and function when exposed to stressful situation by undergoing __________ changes, to ensure survival and maintenance of function.
MAINTAIN
+
ADAPTIVE
It is only when the stress factors are overwhelming or adaption is ineffectual, that cell ________ or ________ occurs.
INJURY
or
DEATH
Adaptive changes in cells occur in _______, ______ or ______, and could happen singly or in combination.
NUMBER,
SIZE
or
FORM
There are numerous ____________ mechanisms mediating cellular adaption, that depend upon signals transmitted by chemical messengers.
MOLECULAR
Molecular messengers exert their influence by altering ______ function.
GENE
Name the 2 types of genes expressed that determine the differentiating characteristics of a particular cell type?
HOUSEKEEPING - necessary for normal cell function
+
DIFFERENTIATING - determine differentiating characteristics of a particular cell type.
In adaptive cellular responses, name the gene which is altered, while the other remains unaffected?
DIFFERENTIATING GENE
Cells are able to change in _______ and _______ without compromising normal function.
SIZE
and
FORM
Once the ____________ for adaption is removed, cell resumes it’s previous state of specialized function, and adaptive response ceases.
STIMULUS
Name the term which implies that an organism remains within a certain range of physiological parameters to maintain stable function?
HOMEOSTASIS
Name the term which implies that an organ constantly varies and adjusts physiological parameters to maintain stable function?
ALLOSTASIS
What is the term which refers to decreases in cell size?
ATROPHY
Name the 2 situations where atrophy can occur?
DECREASE IN WORK DEMANDS
+
ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
During atrophy, cells revert to a __________ size, and a lower, more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival.
SMALLER
- Disuse of skeletal muscles
- Denervation
- Loss of endocrine stimulation
- Inadequate nutrition
- Ischemia or decreased blood flow
What do these 5 categories represent?
ATROPHY
What is the term which refers to an increase in cell size?
HYPERTROPHY
Hypertrophy occurs because of an ____________ workload imposed on an organ or body part.
INCREASED WORKLOAD
Hypertrophy is commonly witnessed in skeletal and __________ muscle tissue which cannot form more cells by __________ division.
CARDIAC
+
MITOTIC
Name the causes of hypertrophy?
1. NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS (EXERCISE) \+ 2. ABNORMAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS A. ADAPTIVE HYPERTROPHY B. COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
If a long term condition of one organ, causes another organ to transform, what type of hypertrophy is that?
ADAPTIVE HYPERTROPHY
If enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue occurs after the removal or inactivity of another, what type of hypertrophy is that?
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
Muscles do not regrow as bones do, instead they bridge the gap with ______ _______.
SCAR TISSUE
Name the term which refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue?
HYPERPLASIA
Hyperplasia occurs in cells which are capable of ___________ division.
MITOTIC
Name examples of cells capable of mitotic division?
EPIDERMIS \+ INTESTINAL \+ EPITHELIUM \+ GLANDULAR TISSUE
Name the two common types of physiological hyperplasia?
HORMONAL - breast and uterine during pregnancy
+
COMPENSATORY - regeneration of liver after partial removal (hepatectomy), and wound healing
Name the two common types of NON-physiological hyperplasia?
HORMONAL - menstrual bleeding
+
EFFECTS OF GROWTH FACTORS ON TARGET TISSUE - skin warts
Name the term which refers to reversible changes in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type?
METAPLASIA
Metaplasia occurs as a result of chronic ____________ and ____________, for good reasons.
IRRITATION
+
INFLAMMATION
What role does metaplasia play in the trachea and large airways of a habitual cigarette smoker?
ADAPTIVE SUBSTITUTION OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS FOR COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS.
Name the term which refers to deranged cell growth of a specific tissue, that results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization?
DYSPLASIA
Minor degrees of dysplasia are associated with chronic ___________ and ______________; in adaptive cases, it is reversible after the irritation is removed.
IRRITATION
+
INFLAMMATION
Dysplasia is strongly implicated as a precursor of __________.
CANCER
