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Year 2 EMS MoD > Cellular Adaptation > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Are cellular adaptations normally reversible or irreversible?

A

Normally reversible.

-unlike cell injury and neoplasia

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2
Q

What are cellular adaptations?

A

Reversible (usually) changes in cellular size / number / phenotype / metabolic activity / function.

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3
Q

What causes cellular adaptations?

A

Changes in environment/demand.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of cell adaptations?

A

Cells acquire steady state of metabolism, and are better equipped to survive in new environment.

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5
Q

What type of cells don’t normally need to adapt?

A

Fibroblasts.

-survive severe metabolic stress (e.g. absence of O2)

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6
Q

What type of cells adapt easily?

A
  • Epithelial cells
  • Labile cell populations
  • Stem cells
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7
Q

What type of cells cannot adapt?

A

Cerebral neurons.

  • terminally differentiated / highly specialised
  • permanent cell population
  • rapidly die when hypoxic
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8
Q

What are the main types of adaptive response? (3)

A
  • Increased cellular activity
  • Decreased cellular activity
  • Change of function/morphology
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9
Q

How do cells respond to increased demand? (2)

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia

> > increased cell mass

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10
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

HYPERTROPHY -increase in size of cells

HYPERPLASIA - increase in number of cells

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11
Q

What type of cell population is hypertrophy often seen in?

A

Permanent cell populations.

-especially cardiac and skeletal muscle

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12
Q

What type of cellular adaptation causes an enlarged uterus during pregnancy?

A

Hypertrophy.

-increase in cell size

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13
Q

What type of cellular adaptation occurs when the bladder has to work harder due to obstruction (e.g. prostate tumour)?

A

Hyperplasia.

  • increase in cell number
  • leads to diverticulum
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14
Q

How do permanent cell populations respond to increased demand?

A

Hypertrophy.

  • can only increase cell size
  • e.g. LVH
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15
Q

Give 2 examples of permanent cell populations undergoing hypertrophy to meet increased demands.

A
  • Skeletal muscle cells of a marathon runner

- Cardiac cells due to aortic stenosis (LVH)

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16
Q

What causes left ventricular hypertrophy?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Athletic training
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17
Q

How in left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosed?

A
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Echocardiogram
  • MRI
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18
Q

What are the main problems associated with left ventricular hypertrophy?

A
  • Arrhythmias (^ ectopic beats)
  • Increased stroke risk
  • Increased heart attack risk
  • Sudden unexpected death
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19
Q

What is subcellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

Increase in size and number of subcellular organisms.

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20
Q

Give an example of subcellular hypertrophy in the liver.

A

Barbiturates lead to smooth ER hypertrophy in hepatocytes.

|&raquo_space; increased metabolism of other drugs

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21
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in number of cells.

-caused by cell division

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22
Q

What type of cell populations is hyperplasia possible in?

A

Labile and stable cell populations.

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23
Q

What is gynaecomastia?

A

Enlargement of male breast due to hyperplasia of glandular and stromal tissue.

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24
Q

Is gynaecomastia physiological or pathological?

A

Both;
PHYSIOLOGICAL - puberty, due to drugs
PATHOLOGICAL - due to liver cirrhosis

25
Q

What is compensatory hyperplasia of the kidneys?

A

Hyperplasia of one kidney due to hypoplasia of the other kidney.

26
Q

What is the process of cellular adaptation in Graves disease?

A

Auto-antibody switches on TSH receptor in thyroid

|&raquo_space; uncontrolled hyperplasia of thryroid (HYPERTHYROIDISM).

27
Q

What does the abnormal healing process of liver cirrhosis lead to?

A

Hyperplasia nodules.

28
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in the size of an organ/tissue.

-due to decreased cell size/number

29
Q

Give 2 physiological types of atrophy.

A
  • Embryogenesis

- Uterus after pregnancy / menopause

30
Q

What are the main causes of pathological atrophy?

A
  • Decreased workload
  • Loss of innervation
  • Diminished blood supply
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation
  • Pressure
31
Q

What is another name for atrophy due to decreased workload?

A

Disuse atrophy.

-e.g. muscles in cast when broken bone

32
Q

Give an example of atrophy due to inadequate nutrition.

A

Cachexia.

-wasting of body in severe illness

33
Q

How does a tumour in the pituitary cause atrophy due to pressure?

A

Benign pituitary tumour squashes the rest of the pituitary&raquo_space; atrophy.

34
Q

What happens to the brain with age?

A

It shrinks.

-bigger sulci, narrower gyri

35
Q

What does renal artery stenosis cause?

A

Atrophy of the kidney.

36
Q

What is the thymus an example of in adults?

A

Physiological atrophy.

-decreases in size with age

37
Q

How do steroid therapies lead to adrenal cortex atrophy?

A

Reduces the ACTH drive to the adrenal&raquo_space; decreased hormonal stimulation.

38
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of atrophy?

A
  • Reduction in individual cell volume

- Death of individual cells

39
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

40
Q

What is involution?

A

Physiological atrophy of an organ by apoptosis.

-e.g. womb after childbirth

41
Q

What are the main developmental abnormalities that lead to a reduced cell mass? (4)

A
  • Agenesis
  • Aplasia
  • Dysgenesis
  • Hypoplasia
42
Q

What is agenesis?

A

Failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth.

  • never grows
  • due to absence of primordial tissue.
43
Q

What is aplasia?

A

The failure of an organ to develop/function normally.

-e.g. may have been primordial tissue, but not organ-specific tissue

44
Q

What is dysgenesis?

A

Defective development of an organ.

  • especially gonads
  • doesn’t grow to full size
45
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Underdevelopment of an organ/tissue.

46
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Transformation of one differentiated cell type into another.

-can&raquo_space; better adaptation to environment

47
Q

What is metaplasia caused by?

A

Transdifferentiation of stem cells.

48
Q

What tissues can be affected by metaplasia? (2)

A
  • Epithelium

- Mesechymal tissue

49
Q

What type of epithelium does the cervix have before puberty?

A

Cervix has stratified squamous epithelium, endocervical canal has collumnar epithelium.

50
Q

What happens to the cervix at puberty?

A

Oestrogen causes stratified squamous to descend and replace columnar epithelium.
-PHYSIOLOGIAL METAPLASIA

51
Q

What can pathological hyperplasia and metaplasia lead to?

A

Carcinoma.

52
Q

What pathological metaplastic change can cigarette smoke cause to bronchial epithelium?

A

Bronchial epithelium;

pseudostratified ciliated&raquo_space; squamous.

53
Q

What pathological metaplastic change can bladder calculus cause to bladder epithelium?

A

Bladder epithelium;

transitional&raquo_space; squamous.

54
Q

What pathological metaplastic change can chronic trauma cause to fibrocollagenous tissue?

A

Fibrocollagenous tissue&raquo_space; bone.

55
Q

What pathological metaplastic change can acid reflux cause to oesophageal epithelium?

A

Oesophageal epithelium;

squamous&raquo_space; columnar (glandular).

56
Q

What can endometrial hyperplasia due to increased oestrogens lead to?

A

Adenocarcinoma.

57
Q

What is the earliest morphological manifestation of neoplasia?

A

Dysplasia.

58
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Enlargement of an organ / tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type.
-non-invasive (in-situ)

59
Q

What test is dysplasia detected in?

A

Cervical screening test.

-detection before invasice

Year 2 EMS MoD (20 decks)

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