cellular Flashcards by addy sheets

cell membrane

two layers of phospholipids

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gycloprotein

protein with carbohydrate attached

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gyclolipid

lipid with carbohydrate attached

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concentration gradient

concentration is higher in one area than another

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diffusion

movement of particle from higher concentration to lower concentration

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facilitated diffusion

diffusion used for substance which cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to size, polarity, or charge

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osmosis

diffusion of water through s semipermeable membrane

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isotonic

solutions have same concentration

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hypertonic

has higher concentration then other solution

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hypotonic

solution has lower concentration than other solution

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sodium-potassium pump

moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions, against concentration gradient

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endocytosis

bringing into the cell

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phagocytosis

cell eating

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pinocytosis

cell drinking

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receptor-mediated endocytosis

receptor specific for certain substances

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exocytosis

taking out of the cell

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cytosol

jelly like substance within the cell

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organelle

membrane enclosed bodies in the cell

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cytoplasm

cytosol + organelle

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nucleus

cell’s center organelle, DNA

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endoplasmic recticulm

transporting, synthesizing, storing materials

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rough ER

contains ribosomes, protein synthesis

smooth ER

contains no ribosomes, lipid sythesis

Golgi apparatus

sorting, modifying, shipping products from rough ER

lysosome

organelle containing enzymes that break down and digest unneeded components

autophagy

self eating

autolysis

self-destruct

mitochondria

energy transformer of cell

peroxisome

lipid metabolism, chemical detoxification

cytoskeleton

group of fibrous proteins providing structural support for cells

nuclear envelope

membrane surrounding nucleus

nuclear pore

passage way for proteins, RNA, solutes from cytoplasm to nucleus

nucleolus

manufacturing RNA necessary for ribosomes construction

chromatin

composed or DNA, associated proteins

DNA bases

adenine, thymine, cytosien, guanine

stages of DNA replication

Initation, Elongation, and Termination

initiation

complementary strands of DNA are separated, helicase

Elongation

each strand becomes template, DNA polymerse

Termination

two new DNA molecules complete

protein

most structural components

proteome

full complement of proteins

protein sysnthesis

begins with genes

gene

functional segment of DNA providing genetic information for protein synthesis

gene expression

transforms information from gene to final product

translation

synthesizing a chain of amino acid into a polypeptide

somatic cell

body cell, contains two copied of each chromosome

homologous pair of chromosomes

two copies of a single chromosome found in each somatic cell

cell cycle

sequence of events from creation to when it divides

stem cells

unspecialized cells which differentiate into specialized cell

totipotent

can differentiate into any cell

pluripotent

can differentiate into any type of human tissue but not support full development of an organism

mulipotent

can differentiate into different cells within a cell lineage

oligopotent

can develop into one of a few different cell types

only reproduce to generate more of a specific cell type