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ThrillerHomeschoolBiology > Cells Vocab (Unit 2) > Flashcards

Cells Vocab (Unit 2) Flashcards

1
Q

organisms

A

living things

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2
Q

Multicellular

A

Made up of many cells. The cells in are often specialized to carry out specific functions

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3
Q

Unicellular

A

Made up of one cell

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4
Q

organelles

A

A variety of molecules and subcellular structures

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5
Q

cell division

A

Production of new cells from existing cells

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6
Q

cell theory

A

1) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2) Cells are the smallest unit of structure and function for an organism.
3) All cells come from other cells.

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7
Q

Cell biology

A

Area of study that focuses on the structure, function, and behavior of cells

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8
Q

micrographs

A

Images captured by microscopes

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9
Q

light microscope

A

Shines light through a specimen (such as a cell), and then through a series of lenses.

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10
Q

fluorescence microscope

A

A type of light microscope that creates brightly-colored images. The colors come from fluorescent (light-producing) dyes that are used to label different molecules in the specimen.

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11
Q

electron microscope

A

Focuses beams of electrons on specimens instead of visible light and can visualize details at a much smaller scale compared to light microscopes.

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12
Q

scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

A

Used to show 3D images of a specimen’s surface. Allow scientists to observe the overall shape and surface features of cells. For example, scientists can see outer cell structures such as the flagella of bacteria.

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13
Q

transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A

Used to visualize a thin cross section (slice) of a specimen. Allow scientists to see detailed images of organelles and other structures inside of cells. For example, scientists can see the inner membranes of mitochondria, details of the nucleus, and parts of the cytoskeleton.

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14
Q

prokaryotic cells / prokaryotes

A

Cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
Do not have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane but have a nucleoid.

Generally DNA in a singular chromosome

Relatively small

Typically unicellular

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15
Q

eukaryotic cells / eukaryotes

A

Membrane-bound organelles
Typically multiple, linear, DNA chromosomes in a nucleus
Relatively large
Unicelluar or multicellular

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16
Q

plasma membrane

A

the outer layer that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment

a two-layered (bilayer) structure made up of phospholipids and proteins. The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier, allowing only specific substances to enter or leave the cell.

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17
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly-like cytosol inside the cell, plus the cellular structures suspended in it

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18
Q

genetic material

A

DNA

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19
Q

ribosomes

A

structures that build the cell’s proteins

Can either be found suspended in the cytosol, or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

cytosol

A

the gel-like, water-based fluid that fills the space inside the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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21
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers that run throughout the cytoplasm. This network provides shape and structure to the cell, and helps hold organelles and other cell parts in place

22
Q

synthesis

A

building (of proteins)

23
Q

nucleus

A

a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material. This genetic material is in the form of DNA molecules, which are organized into linear structures called chromosomes.

24
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNAs

Travel outside the nucleus to the ribosomes

25
Q

protein expression

A

differences in which proteins are made

26
Q

secreted

A

transported out of the cell

27
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

A

A series of connected membranes with ribosomes attached to the outer surface. Proteins made by these ribosomes are fed into this where they receive chemical modifications.

28
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

A

Similar to rough ER in appearance, but without the attached ribosomes. Helps build a variety of lipid (fat) molecules. It also helps detoxify drugs and poisons through chemical modification of these compounds.

29
Q

Golgi body

A

A set of disc-shaped, membrane-bound sacs that receive molecules from the rough and smooth ER. Here, the molecules are chemically modified, and other molecules are made.

30
Q

Vesicles

A

Small, membrane-enclosed sacs that bud off from the membranes of the ER, Golgi body, and plasma membrane. Carry substances between these cell parts, and play a key role in transporting substances within and out of the cell.

31
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Sites of photosynthesis.
Found only in plant cells and some protists

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

The sites of cellular respiration, which is the process that releases chemical energy stored in food molecules (including sugars) in order to generate usable energy for the cell.

Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

33
Q

specialized cells

A

cells such as muscle, nerve, and skin cells with a unique structure and function

34
Q

cellular differentiation

A

a highly regulated process that converts unspecialized cells into specialized cells

35
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells

36
Q

Potency

A

the ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cells.

37
Q

Self-renewal

A

the fact that stem cells can divide many times while remaining unspecialized

38
Q

embryos

A

organisms in the early stages of development

39
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

Cells that can give rise to all of the specialized cell types of an organism.

Examples include a fertilized human egg and the cells of its first few divisions, as well as the cells in the meristems (root and shoot tips) of plants.

40
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Stem cells can differentiate into all of the body’s cell types, except for the tissues surrounding the embryo.

41
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Stem cells are more limited in their potency. These stem cells, which include adult stem cells, can only become the cell types within a specific tissue. For example, intestinal stem cells can only differentiate to replace cells in the lining of the intestines.

42
Q

regenerative medicine

A

a field that utilizes medical techniques to generate healthy cells which can be used to replace diseased or injured cells.

43
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function

44
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Type of tissue that can contract (or shorten) and relax, which allows it to power nearly all types of movement in the body.

45
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Type of tissue is involved in sensing stimuli (external or internal cues). It is also responsible for processing and transmitting information.

46
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

47
Q

glia

A

support cells of the nervous tissue

48
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Type of tissue that helps protect the body from pathogens, injury, and water loss. It consists of tightly packed sheets of cells that cover surfaces and line body cavities. For example, the outer layer of the skin and the lining of the intestine

It’s cells have a polarized structure.

49
Q

Connective tissue

A

A type of tissue supports and connects other tissues. It consists of cells suspended in an extracellular matrix, which is a network of proteins and other molecules that surround and support cells.

Example: Bone, cartilage, adipose (fat) tissue, and blood

50
Q

Organ

A

A structure made up of two or more tissues that work together to carry out a particular function

51
Q

organ system

A

A group of related organs that work together to carry out complex tasks in an organism.

ThrillerHomeschoolBiology (10 decks)

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