Cells: processes; metabolism, diffusion, glycolysis, endo+exocytosis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, ATP Flashcards
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions occurring within a living organism to maintain life. Metabolism is used for growth, repair, energy production and maintaining internal environment in an organism (homeostasis).
What is metabolism used for?
processing nutrients from food and producting energy necessary for cellular functions
What are the 2 types of metabolism?
- Catabolism: Involves breakdown of molecules. Energy is released and captured in form of ATP, used as a direct source for cellular processes
- Anabolism: Process of creating complex molecules from simpler ones. The building blocs for cellular respiration
How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion involves the use of carrier or channel proteins to help specific molecules pass through the cell membrane, while simple diffusion does not involve proteins and relies solely on the concentration gradient for the movement of molecules.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the process where a 6 carbon molecule of glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
What are the products of glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules. ATP is used for energy, and NADH helps in later stages of energy production.
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
What is endocytosis?
cell membrane folds inward to consume external substances. This folding creates a vesicle that transports the material into the cell. The vesicle combines with other organelles for processing
What is exocytosis?
process where cells expel substances by vesicles on the cell membrane. The vesicle releases its contents outside the cell when it merges with the membrane. This process is used for secreting unwanted molecules
What is Phagocytosis?
process involves the consumption (eating) of large particles. the cell membrane extends around the particle to form a phagosome, which then attaches to a lysosome to digest the particles.
What is Pinocytosis?
cellular drinking, involves the consumption of external fluid and small molecules. The cell membrane bends to form a vesicle that captures the fluid, which is then transported into the cell
What is the Krebs cycle and where does it take place?
The Krebs cycle is a set of reactions in the mitochondria that turns acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and high-energy molecules (NADH and FADH2). These high-energy molecules are then used to make ATP in the electron transport chain.
How does the Krebs cycle link to the electron transport chain?
The Krebs cycle generates high-energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) that are used by the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
What is the electron transport chain and where does it occur?
The electron transport chain is a process in the mitochondria that produces ATP. It uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create a flow of protons, which drives the production of ATP and produces water as a byproduct.
How does the electron transport chain contribute to ATP production?
The electron transport chain uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create a flow of protons across the mitochondrial membrane. This flow drives the production of ATP.
What byproduct is produced by the electron transport chain?
The byproduct of the electron transport chain is water.
What is ATP and ADP? Include process
ATP is a molecule that stores and supplies energy for cellular processes it consists of a base (adenosine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. The energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphate groups. When a cell needs energy, it breaks one of these bonds, converting ATP to ADP and a free phosphate, releasing energy for the body
What is pyruvate, and how is it used in energy production?
Pyruvate is a molecule produced from glucose during glycolysis. It is used in aerobic respiration to generate more energy with oxygen, or in anaerobic processes to produce less energy without oxygen.
What is active transport?
process that cells use to move substances from one side of their membrane to the other. active transport uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
What is passive transport?
When substances move into and out of cells without using energy. Molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration, E.g. simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
What is absorbtion?
Absorption occurs in the small intestine, breaking matter into smaller particles. Substance molecules are absorbed into bloodstream and transported to our body for growth, energy and repair.
What is assimilation
nutrients that have been absorbed (from absorption) are then converted into energy (vitamins, minerals, etc) needed for the body to continue our cellular functions
