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Immunology > Cells, Organs And Tissues > Flashcards

Cells, Organs And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system consist of?

A

Cells, organs and tissues

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2
Q

What are the two categories of the immune system?

A

Primary and secondary lymphoid

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3
Q

Where do all blood cells come from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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4
Q

What’s the life passage of red and white blood cells?

A

Embryo -> liver and spleen and then bone marrow

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5
Q

What do HSCs differentiate into during early hematopoiesis?

A

Myeloid progenitor and lymphoid progenitor

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6
Q

What can lymphoid progenitors produce?

A

Natural killer cells
T cell progenitors
B cell progenitors and dendritic cells

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7
Q

Where do hematopoietic cells grow, mature and differentiate

A

A mesh like scaffold of stromal cells in the bone marrow

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8
Q

What do stromal cells provide?

A

A cellular matrix and factors that promote growth and differentiation

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9
Q

What regulates hematopoises?

A

Transcription factors

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10
Q

What cells last 120 days

A

Erythrocytes

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11
Q

What cell lasts one day?

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

What lasts 20-30 years?

A

T-Lymphocytes

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13
Q

Definition of apoptosis

A

A pronounced decrease in cell volume
It is a modification of the cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Steps of apoptosis

A

Membrane blending, condensation of chromatin, degradation of the DNA into fragments

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15
Q

Are cellular contents released into the surrounding tissue during apoptosis

A

No

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16
Q

Necrosis definition

A

Changes associated with cell death due to injury

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17
Q

What happens to the injured cells during necrosis?

A

They swell and burst allowing the contents to be released a damaging inflammatory response may occur

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18
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Central cells of adaptive immunity that specify in diversity, specificity and memory

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19
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
Both are apart of adaptive immunity and have their own antigen receptors

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20
Q

Definition of naïve B and T lymphocytes

A

They are small, motile, non phagocytic cells that cannot be told apart via morphology

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21
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Large granular cells that are apart of the innate immune system

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22
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

They mature in the bone marrow

23
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

They synthesise and display membrane bound antibodies

24
Q

What happens when a naive b cell encounters an antigen for the first time?

A

It divides rapidly

25
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

They mature in the Thymus

26
Q

What are T cells

A

T cells express a antigen binding receptor on the cell membrane

27
Q

What do T cell receptors do?

A

T cell receptors recognise the antigen that is bound to the MHC molecule

28
Q

What are the two types of T cells

A

TH- T helper
TC - Cytotoxic T cells

29
Q

What glycoprotein does T helper cells contain?

A

CD4

30
Q

What glycoprotein does Tc cells contain?

A

CD8

31
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

They are a type of white blood cells that form a part of innate immune system

32
Q

What are basophils

A

They contain large cytoplasmic granules
They store histamine

33
Q

What are Eosinophiles?

A

White blood cells that combat parasites, infections and they control mechanisms to do with allergies

34
Q

Where are dendritic cells present?

A

In tissues that are in contact with the outside like the lining of the nose

35
Q

Where do dendritic cells go when activated

A

They go to the lymph nodes where they interact with T and B cells to shape the adaptive immune response

36
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

37
Q

What happens in the thymus and bone marrow?

A

Lymphocytes mature from immature progenitor cells

38
Q

What does the outer cortex of the thymus contain?

A

It contains lots of immature thymocytes along with dying cells

39
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

Mature thymocytes

40
Q

What regulatory factors do thymocytes produce?

A

MHC 1 and MHC 2

41
Q

What’s the function of the thymus

A

To generate and select a repertoire of T cells that’ll protect the body from infection

42
Q

What happens in the bone marrow?

A

Blood cells are generated and secreted through the walls of blood vessels and enter into the blood

43
Q

What cells proliferate and differentiate in the bone marrow?

A

Immature B cells

44
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissues

45
Q

What happens in the lymphatic system?

A

Blood circulates around the body and plasma seeps through into the tissue

46
Q

What happens when an antigen enters into the tissue?

A

The antigen gets carried by the lymphatic system into the lymph nodes where it gets enriched in lymphocytes causing activation

47
Q

What does primary lymphoid follicles contain?

A

It’s not activated by antigens and consists of resting B cells and dendritic cells

48
Q

What do secondary lymphoid follicles contain?

A

They’re activated by antigens and consists of packed lymphocytes.

49
Q

What are the lymph nodes?

A

They’re the site of immune response to antigens in lymph

50
Q

What’s first organised lymphoid structure to encounter antigens that enter via tissue

A

Lymph nodes

51
Q

What happens to an antigen present in the lymphatic system?

A

It will be trapped in an environment that’s perfect for lymphocytes to create a response

52
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Facilitates the immune response to blood born antigens

53
Q

How does the spleen work?

A

It responds to infection by filtering the blood and trapping antigens

54
Q

What factors regulate Haematopoiesis?

A

GATA-2
Ikaros
Bmi-1

Immunology (6 decks)

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