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A-level Biology > Cells - Organelles > Flashcards

Cells - Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Made of tubular sacs of cisternae
  • No ribosomes
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2
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis and transportation of lipids, steroids hormones

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3
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

A
  • made of flattened sacs of cisternae
  • swollen ends of cisternae
  • no ribosomes
  • close to RER
  • many layers
  • presence of Golgi vesicles
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4
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A
  • MODIFIES into lysosomes, by folding into tertiary protein or by adding a carbohydrate chain to make glycoprotein (and transported to cell membrane)
  • PACKAGES into vesicles, by exocytosis (and delivered)
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5
Q

Function/purpose of microvilli

A

Increase surface area of cell surface membrane - for more efficient absorption and secretion

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6
Q

Structure and location of microvillli

A

Finger-like extensions of cell surface membrane found in animal cells

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7
Q

Function of centrioles and microtubules

A
  • Involved in nuclear division - produce spindle fibres which move and position the chromosome
  • form centrosome
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8
Q

Arrangement of centrioles and microtubules

A

9+2 arrangement of microtubules
- 2 centrioles arranged at 90˚
- each has 9 paired microtubules

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9
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

Structure of chloroplasts

A
  • double membrane, inner is folded into lamellae
  • contains stroma and grana
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11
Q

Location and function of lamellae

A
  • Inner membrane of chloroplasts
  • controls entry and exit of substances in and out of the chloroplast
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12
Q

Function of stroma

A

(In chloroplasts)
contains circular DNA, 70S ribosomes and enzymes for light-independent stage (of photosynthesis)

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13
Q

Structure and Function of grana

A

(In chloroplasts)
- Made of flattened sacs of thylakoid membranes
- carry out light-dependent stage (of photosynthesis)

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14
Q

Structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum + where is it commonly found?

A

Large surface area
- made of flattened sacs of cisternae

Commonly found attached to nuclear envelope

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15
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of proteins made by ribosomes (translation)
- transported by exocytosis in vesicles to Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

Function of cell wall

A
  • Enclose, support and protect cell
  • Provide turgidity of the cell
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17
Q

Structure of cell wall

A
  • made of cellulose
  • fully permeable
  • contains plasmodesmata (connect cytoplasm and adjacent cells)
18
Q

Function of vacuole

A
  • holds cell sap
  • holds ions, water, salts, waste products
  • pushes chloroplasts to edge of cell
  • gives turgidity, prevents cell from bursting when filled with water
  • photosynthesis because of water present
  • hydrolysis reactions - water present
19
Q

Structure of vacuole

A
  • surrounded by tonoplast - selectively permeable membrane
20
Q

Function of tonoplast

A

Controls exchange between vacuole and cytoplasm

21
Q

Structure of nucleus

A

contains genetic information in form of DNA
- present as loosely coiled threads (chromatin)

22
Q

Function of nucleus

A
  • transcription for mRNA production
  • manufacturing of rRNA
  • nucleolus, makes ribosomes
  • nuclear envelope with nuclear pores (100nm d) —> Allie’s entry and exit of ribosomes + mRNA for compartmentalisation
  • outer membrane continuous with RER
23
Q

Function of lysosomes

A
  • transport, modifies and stores lipids
  • involved in autolysis and autophagy
  • kill bacteria - fuses with vacuole, lysozyme released by exocytosis
24
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A
  • concentrated hydrolysis enzymes
  • it is a vesicle containing lysozyme (digestive protein)
25
Q

Examples of hydrolysis enzymes

A

Protease, lipase

26
Q

What are lysosomes made by

A

Golgi Apparatus and RER

27
Q

Organelles in animal cells, not present in plant cells

A
  • flagella
  • cilia
  • centriole
  • microvilli
  • lysosomes
28
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis (from carbs)

29
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

Double membrane
- inner - folded to form cristae (larger SA for attachment of stalked particles containing ATP synthase enzymes)
- outer - control entry + exit of materials

Matrix contains small circular DNA and 70S

30
Q

Organelles present in plant cells

A
  • cell wall made of cellulose
  • plasmodesmata
  • tonoplast
  • large permanent vacuole
  • chloroplasts
31
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Translation - protein synthesis
—> makes collagen

32
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A
  • Protein and rRNA
  • small and large subunits
33
Q

Where are 70S ribosomes found?

A

Prokaryotes, mitochondria, chloroplasts

34
Q

What subunits are 70S ribosomes composed of?

A

50S and 30S

35
Q

Where are 80S ribosomes found?

A

Eukaryotic cells

36
Q

What subunits are 80S ribosomes composed of?

A

60S and 40S

37
Q

What do plant vacuoles contain?

A
  • hydrolase and act as lysosomes
  • some plants have secondary metabolites (stored in vacuole)
38
Q

Structure of cilia

A

Hair-like projections made from microtubules

39
Q

Function of cilia

A

Allows the movement of substance over the cell surface

40
Q

Structure of flagella

A

Hair-like projections made of longer microtubules

41
Q

Function of flagella

A

Contract to provide cell movement

A-level Biology (10 decks)

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