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Biology IGCSE > Cells, Food tests, Enzymes > Flashcards

Cells, Food tests, Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell, contains genetic material

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Supports cell, site of cells’ chemical reactions.

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Holds cell together
Controls substances entering and leaving the cell

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4
Q

Cell wall

A

Extra support for cell
Defines shape

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5
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll pigments that absorb light for photosynthesis.

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6
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap
Keeps the cell’s shape

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Energy released for cell

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

Animal cell organelles

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria

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10
Q

Plant cell organelles

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

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11
Q

Test for Glucose/ reducing sugars

A
  1. Place food sample in a test tube.
  2. Add enough Benedict’s solution for sample to turn blue.
  3. Heat test tube in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
  4. Take the test tube out and observe the colour.
    Positive result is from blue to orange/ brick red.
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12
Q

Safety precautions for reducing sugars test

A

Handle test tube with tongs.
Wear safety goggles and heatproof gloves.
Tie hair, wear a lab coat. Goggles.

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13
Q

Test for Starch

A
  1. Place food sample in test tube.
  2. Add a few drops of iodine to the food sample.
  3. Observe the colour.
    Positive result is from orange/brown to blue/black
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14
Q

Test for Protein

A
  1. Place food sample in test tube.
  2. Add drops of Biuret solution to the food sample.
  3. Observe colour.
    A positive result is from blue to violet/purple
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15
Q

Test for fat

A

Place food sample into test tube. Add ethanol to the sample and shake. Add water and also shake.
Positive result is colourless to milky white emulsion.

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16
Q

Cells

A

The functional building blocks of all living things.

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17
Q

Organelle

A

Part of a cell

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18
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function working together.

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19
Q

Organ

A

Contains different tissues, working together to carry out particular functions.

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20
Q

Organ system

A

Many organs working together. The different organ systems work together in an organism.

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21
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled organism
Doesn’t have nucleus

22
Q

Fungi

A

Single or multicellular
Organelles- Same as plant cell but no chloroplasts
Cell wall made out of chitin
Glycogen store
Can be pathogenic
Eukaryotic

23
Q

Protoctista

A

Single or multicellular organisms
Similar to animal cells but can have chloroplasts

24
Q

Enzyme for starch

A

amylase

25
Q

Enzyme for proteins

A

protease

26
Q

Enzyme for lipids

A

lipase

27
Q

Starch is broken down into

A

simple sugars/glucose

28
Q

Proteins are broken down into

A

amino acids

29
Q

Lipids are broken down into

A

fatty acids and glycerol

30
Q

Relationship between rate of reaction and temperature with enzymes

A

Rate of reaction increases with temperature at 40oC. After 40oC collisions are too violent and the active site is denatured.

31
Q

Relationship between rate of reaction and pH.

A

All enzymes have an optimum pH. At extremes of pH the active site can change shape causing the enzyme to become denatured. Reaction cannot take place and the change can be irreversible.

32
Q

Multicellular kingdoms

A

Plant, animals, fungi

33
Q

Unicellular kingdoms

A

bacteria, protoctists, fungi

34
Q

Which kingdom does not contain a nucleus?

A

Bacteria (prokaryotes)

35
Q

Which kingdoms have a starch carbohydrate store?

A

Plants, protoctists

36
Q

Which kingdoms have a glycogen carbohydrate store?

A

Animal, bacteria, fungi, protoctists

37
Q

Cell wall in plant?

A

Cellulose

38
Q

Cell wall in fungi?

A

Chitin

39
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Small, single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria.

40
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Uni or multicellular organisms that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, protoctists

41
Q

How do plants store carbohydrates?

A

As starch or sucrose

42
Q

How do animals store carbohydrates?

A

As glycogen

43
Q

How do fungi store carbohydrates?

A

As glycogen

44
Q

What do fungi not have?

A

Chloroplasts

45
Q

Describe viruses.

A

A strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They are not cells or alive. They do not have organelles.

46
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They enter a host cell.

47
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms which cause infective disease.

48
Q

What can be pathogenic?

A

All viruses, some bacteria, protoctista and fungi.

49
Q

Which kingdoms feed by saprotrophic nutrition?

A

Fung and some bacteria.

50
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

A

Secreting extracellular digestive enzymes onto the food and then absorbing the digested molecules.

51
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

Double helix shape. Sugar-Phosphate backbones. Phosphate and a nitrogenous base. ATCG.

Biology IGCSE (14 decks)

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