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Immunology > cells and tissues of the adaptive immune system > Flashcards

cells and tissues of the adaptive immune system Flashcards

1
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus and bone marrow

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2
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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3
Q

lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and Natural Killer cells

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4
Q

CD stand for

A

cluster of differentiation and indicates a defined subset of cellular surface markers that identify cell type and stage of differentiation

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5
Q

lymphoid stem cells during prenatal period are found

A

in the fetal liver because bone marrow hasn’t developed yet, from here, stem cells generate precursor cells and send them into the tissues

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6
Q

all blood cells develop from common

A

CD34+ pluripotent stem cells

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7
Q

starting from 13th week of gestation, some stem cells migrate to the

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

in the bone marrow, stem cells produce

A

lymphoid progenitor cells which gives rise to B cell progenitors and T cell progenitors

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9
Q

B cells are generated in the

A

bone marrow from B cell progenitor

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10
Q

T cells are generated in the

A

thymus from T cell progenitor cells which migrate from the bone marrow into the thymus

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11
Q

antigen-specific receptors are localized on the surface of

A

T and B cells

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12
Q

the structure of antigen-specific receptors varies from one cell to another but they are all

A

identical on a single cell

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13
Q

naive lymphocytes

A

B and T cells that haven’t encountered their antigens; typically die after 1-3 months

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14
Q

the thymus gland is located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity ____ and ____ to the heart and ____ to the sternum

A

anterior

superior

posterior

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15
Q

when is the thymus at its largest and most acvtive

A

during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods;

later the thymus disappears and is replaced by fat

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16
Q

each T cell has receptors specific for only one antigen that are generated by

A

gene rearrangement from multiple, inherited germline genes

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17
Q

T cells which are highly . reactive with self-antigens are deleted by

A

apoptosis

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18
Q

T helper cells

A

express CD4 and provide help for B cell growth and differentiation (T regulatory cells are a subtype of T helper cells)

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19
Q

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

A

express CD8 and recognize and kill virus-infected cells

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20
Q

functionally mature T cells then migrate

A

to secondary lymphoid tissues to mediate protection

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21
Q

T cells make contacts with

A

specialized epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages in the thymus;

these cell-to-cell interactions provide mechanisms for the selection and differentiation of T cells useful to the immune system

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22
Q

cytokines produced by the stromal cell play an important role in

A

T cell development

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23
Q

generated naive T cells leave the thymus and are maintained

A

in the periphery without proliferating

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24
Q

thymoma

A

usually a slow-growing tumor that typically start in thymic epithelial cells; usually does not spread beyond the thymus gland

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25
Q

thymic carcinoma

A

less common but more aggressive cancer of thymic epithelial cells; generally more difficult to treat because it spreads quickly to other areas of the body

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26
Q

most thymomas/thymic carcinomas are diagnosed between _____ and ____ years of age when the thymus does not produce naive T cells

A

40

60

so they are very rare

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27
Q

B cells are produced in the

A

bone marrow during the lifespan

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28
Q

bone marrow

A

soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most bone

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29
Q

bone marrow produces

A

white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

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30
Q

at birth all bone marrow is

A

red

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31
Q

during puberty, red marrow increasingly converts to

A

yellow marrow

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32
Q

in adult, around half of the bone marrow is ____ and half is ____

A

red

yellow

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33
Q

before birth, differentiation into B cells occurs within the ____ and then in the ____ after birth

A

fetal liver

bone marrow

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34
Q

the development of B cells involves cell-to-cell contacts with ____ and ____

A

stromal cells and cytoknes

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35
Q

many different B cells are generated, each with a unique ____ for particular antigen

A

specificity

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36
Q

B cells which react with self-antigens are

A

eliminated by apoptosis

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37
Q

lifetime production of B lymphocytes occurs

A

in the bone marrow

38
Q

leukaemias

A

malignant diseases of the bone marrow and occur during hematopoietic development of either lymphoid or myeloid lineages. the overgrowth of of immature blood cells leads to a shortage of normal white blood cells (leading to increased risk of infections), red blood cells (leading to anemia), and platelets (leading to bruising)

39
Q

myeloproliferative disorders

A

related to leukaemias in that they are characterized by the overproduction of one type of blood cell and in some cases develop into leukaemias. the most common causes of death were infection, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hemorrhage or thrombosis.

40
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignancy of plasma cells. the abnormal plasma cells produce proteins that impair the development of normal blood cells causing anemia (reduced numbers of RBCs) and leukopenia (reduced number of WBCs). infection is a major complication and a leading cause of death in patients with MM.

41
Q

lymphoma

A

a cancer that develops in circulating blood lymphocytes after their production in the bone marrow. at the late stage, lymphomas can spread to the bone marrow. patients with lymphomas have an increased risk of infectious diseases.

42
Q

lymphocytes develop from bone marrow stem cells and then mature in the primary lymphoid organs:

B cells- in the ____
T cells- in the ____

A

bone marrow

thymus

43
Q

mature lymphocytes circulate through the blood to ____

A

secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and regional lymphoid tissues such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)

44
Q

antigens are captured from a site of infection and transported to the ____ where they are recognized by naive B and T cells and immune responses are initiated

A

draining lymph node

45
Q

lymphocytes continuously circulate searching for their antigens in various parts of the body except

A

eye, brain, and testicles

46
Q

in search of foreign antigens, lymphocytes enter the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes) via a specialized endothelium of the postcapillary venules called

A

High Endothelium Venules (HEV)

47
Q

cells of High Endothelium Venules (HEV) are much

A

higher than normal endothelial cells (bigger?) and they express high levels of adhesion molecules that serve as “homing” receptors for lymphocytes

48
Q

Blood T and B lymphocytes transmigrate through HEV into the lymph nodes by mechanism of ____ and are navigated in the tissue by chemokines produced by stromal cells

A

diapedesis

49
Q

lymphocytes may be activated by foreign antigens in lymph nodes, if not they are still

A

naive and return to the blood by lymphatic drainage

50
Q

naive lymphocytes reenter the circulation via

A

efferent lymph vessels that merge into the thoracic duct

51
Q

naive B cells migrate into the _____ where they look for and respond to _____

A

secondary lymphoid tissues

soluble foreign antigens

52
Q

antigen-activated B cells proliferate and mature into

A

plasma cells or memory cells

53
Q

plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells which produce and secrete

A

large amounts of antibodies

54
Q

where do antigen-activated B cells produce antibodies against microbes in the blood?

A

in the spleen

55
Q

the spleen participates in immune responses against many types of

A

blood-born pathogens

56
Q

t-cell zone in spleen

A

located centrally (also called the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath or PALS)

57
Q

b-cell zone in spleen

A

distributed around the T zone in tightly packed follicles

58
Q

plasma cells are rarely found in the peripheral blood, but they comprise from 0.2% to 2.8% of the ______ white cell count

A

bone marrow

59
Q

in search of foreign antigens, naive T cells migrate into

A

secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes

60
Q

T cells which have been activated by antigens differentiate into

A

effector or memory T cells

61
Q

some effector and memory T cells migrate back into the

A

peripheral sites of infection

62
Q

some activated and differentiated T cells remain in the lymph nodes and help _____

A

antigen-activated B cells to become an antibody factory plasma cell

63
Q

naive B and T cells enter the lymph nodes through an artery leaving the circulation by moving across the

A

HEV

64
Q

B and T cells migrate to different zones of the lymph node directed by

A

chemokines that are produced in these areas by stromal cells

65
Q

dendritic cells pick up antigens from the sites of antigen entry and enter through

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

66
Q

dendritic cells migrate to the ____ areas of the lymph node

A

T cell-rich

67
Q

in the absence of antigen stimulation, follicles are composed of small naive B cells and/or recirculating memory B cells and called

A

primary follicles

68
Q

with antigen stimulation, B cells proliferate and differentiate converting the primary follicle into a ____ or ____

A

secondary follicle

germinal center

69
Q

germinal centers were described more than 125 years ago as compartments that contained

A

mitotic B cells

70
Q

antigen-presenting cells are cells that

A

capture, process, and display antigens to T lymphocytes and provide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the lymphocytes

71
Q

what 3 cells can serve as antigen-presenting cells

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and activated B cells

72
Q

only dendritic cells can activate

A

naive T cells in the lymph nodes

73
Q

macrophages and B cells can present antigens only for

A

activated T cells but not naive T cells

74
Q

dendritic cells and macrophages are cells of ____; thus they provide an link between

A

innate immunity

innate and adaptive immunity

75
Q

pre-classical dendritic cells gives rise to

A

classical DCs

76
Q

plasmacytoid DC gives rise to

A

plasmacytoid DCs

77
Q

monocytes give rise to

A

inflammatory DCs

78
Q

what gives rise to Langerhans cells?

A

fetal hemapoietic organs (yolk sac, liver) (hematopoetic stem cell –> embryonic tissue precursor –> Langerhans cells

79
Q

DCs are part of ____ lineage

A

myeloid

80
Q

DCs can be broadly divided into:

A

classical DCs, myeloid DCs, and plasmacytoid DCs

81
Q

myeloid DCs (mDC) are derived from

A

monocytes

82
Q

classical DCs, plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), and Langerhan’s cells in epidermis of the skin, develop directly from

A

stem cells

83
Q

to acquire antigens, DCs use

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis and pinocytosis

84
Q

DCs express receptors that recognize antigens typcially made by

A

microbes and not mammalian cells

85
Q

activated DCs secrete

A

cytokines

86
Q

classical DCs reside in

A

skin, mucosa, and organ parenchyma

87
Q

upon activation by microbes, classical DCs migrate to

A

lymph nodes where they display microbial protein antigens to T lymphocytes

88
Q

plasmacytoid DCs are early cellular responders to

A

viral infection

89
Q

plasmacytoid DCs recognize

A

nucleic acids of intracellular viruses and produce soluble interferons (aka IFN-alpha/beta)

90
Q

IFN-alpha/beta have potent

A

antiviral activities

Immunology (23 decks)

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