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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissues - Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues - Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue description

A

tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts, and forms glands

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2
Q

Cell junction definition

A

are contact points between the plasma membrane of tissue cells

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3
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions, Adherens junctions, Gap junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

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4
Q

Key functions of epithelial tissues

A 
Selective Barriers (limit uptake of anything into the interior or aid transfer)
Secretory (onto a free surface) 
Protective (it is the interface to the outside - also protects against abrasion)
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5
Q

Apical surface definition

A

the surface of an epithelial cell that is exposed to the body exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ

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6
Q

Lateral surface definition

A

the surface of an epithelial cell that is adjacent to other cells

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7
Q

Basal surface definition

A

is the bottom surface of an epithelial cell that is adjacent to the basement membrane

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8
Q

Types of Lateral junctions

A

Tight junction, Adherens junction, Gap junction and Desmosome

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9
Q

Types of Basal Junctions

A

Hemidesmosome

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10
Q

Microfilaments definition

A

are bundles of protein beneath the cell membrane and the cytoplasm eg. Actin

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11
Q

Microfilament function

A

To give cells strength, alter cell shape (act as cell skeleton), link the cytoplasm to the cell membrane, connect cells together, allow cell movement and muscle contraction

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12
Q

Intermediate filament

A

are a type of cytoskeletal element made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together. These are thicker than microfilaments and made of proteins like keratin

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13
Q

Intermediate filament function

A

to provide strength to cell and allow materials to move through the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Definition of the lumen

A

the central cavity of a tubular or other hollow structure in an organism or cell (apical surface of a cell faces this)

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15
Q

Tight junction definition

A

a lateral junction that is made of individual sealing strands of transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

Where are tight junctions mainly found?

A

In the epithelial tissue that lines the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder (ie where you don’t want any leakage)

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17
Q

The main binding transmembrane proteins in tight junctions

A

Claudins and occludins

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18
Q

Adherens junction definition

A

a lateral junction that has a plaque layer of proteins on the inside of the cell to join actin to cadherins

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19
Q

Tight junction function

A

To maintain cell polarity by preventing the movement of ions and proteins between apical and basal surfaces of cells (they are electrically tight)

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20
Q

Cadherin definition

A

a transmembrane glycoprotein that joins cells together in adherens junctions and desmosomes.

These insert into the plaque on the opposite side of the plasma membrane, crossing the intercellular space

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21
Q

Plaque definition

A

a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches membrane proteins and microfilaments to the cytoskeleton

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22
Q

Adhesion belt definition

A

The extensive adherens junctions in epithelial cells

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23
Q

Catenins definition

A

a protein that links the Cadherins to Actin in adherens junctions

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24
Q

Actin definition

A

a microfilament in the cytoplasm of the cell

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25
Q

Adherens junction function

A

to prevent cell separation from tension forces like in contractions (eg. when food moves through the intestines)

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26
Q

Desmosome definition

A

a lateral junction that has a plaque layer on the inside to join keratin to cadherins

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27
Q

Keratin function in desmosomes

A

To given the cell structural integrity as keratin spans from one desmosome to another on the other side of the cell

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28
Q

Desmosome function

A

to prevent cells from separating/ pulling apart

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29
Q

Where are desmosomes mainly found?

A

In the epidermis (to stop separation from tension) and in cardiac muscle cells in the heart (to stop cells pulling apart during contraction)

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30
Q

Gap junction definition

A

a lateral junction that contains proteins that allow for communication between adjacent cells

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31
Q

Connexin definition

A

a membrane protein that forms connexons or hemichannels

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32
Q

Connexon/hemichannel definition

A

consists of 6 connexin protein molecules that make up a gap junction. These are closed and open when docked to a connexon of another cell.

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33
Q

Gap junction function

A

To allow small molecules and ions to diffuse from one cell to another. It also allows direct communication between cells

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34
Q

Hemidesmosome definition

A

a basal/basolateral junction that has a plaque layer and has transmembrane glycoproteins (integrin) that attach to the keratin of the cytoskeleton and the laminin of the basement membrane

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35
Q

Integrin definition

A

a transmembrane glycoprotein that links the keratin to laminin in hemidesmosomes

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36
Q

Laminin definition

A

a protein that is present in the basement membrane

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37
Q

Junctional complex definition

A

a combination of a tight junction, adherens junction and a desmosome

38
Q

Basement membrane definition

A

is a thin extracellular layer that separates the epithelium from deeper tissue

39
Q

The parts of the basement membrane

A

the basal lamina and the reticular lamina

40
Q

Basal lamina definition

A

is the layer (in the basement membrane) closest to and secreted by the epithelial cells.

41
Q

Hemidesmosome function

A

to connect the epithelial cells to the basement membrane

42
Q

What is contained in the basal lamina layer of the basement membrane?

A

Proteins like collagen, laminin and glycoproteins and proteoglycans

43
Q

Reticular lamina definition

A

the layer (of the basement membrane) closer to and produced by the connective tissue cells called fibroblasts

44
Q

Fibroblast definition

A

collagen produced by connective tissue

45
Q

What is contained in the reticular lamina layer of the basement membrane?

A

fibrous proteins such as collagen and fibronectin

46
Q

Do epithelia have nerves or blood vessels?

A

Epithelia has nerves but is avascular (does not contain blood vessels). It exchanges nutrients and wastes through diffusion with blood vessels in adjacent connective tissue cells.

47
Q

Basement membrane function

A

To support the overlying epithelium
Provide a surface where epithelial cells can migrate during growth or wound healing (wounds disrupt epithelia and BM and need to be reconstituted during healing)
Acts as a physical barrier (especially for malignant melanoma)
Participates in the filtration of substances in the kidney

48
Q

Metastasis definition

A

the growth of cancer in other secondary areas (the chance of this increases if malignant melanoma penetrates the basement membrane)

49
Q

ABCD for melanoma

A

Asymmetry, border irregularity, colour and diameter

50
Q

Two types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering/lining epithelia and glandular epithelia

51
Q

Types of covering/lining epithelia

A

the outer coverings of skin and some internal organs
the inner linings of blood vessels, ducts, cavities and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems

52
Q

What is glandular epithelia?

A

the epithelia that constitute the secretory portion of glands

53
Q

How are covering and lining epithelia classified?

A

by the arrangement of cells in layers and the shapes of the cells

54
Q

Simple definition (in epithelia)

A

a single layer of cells

55
Q

Simple epithelium function

A

diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption

56
Q

Stratified definition (in epithelia)

A

two or more layers of cells

57
Q

Stratified epithelium function

A

PROTECTION of underlying tissue in locations where damage may occur (considerable wear and tear)

58
Q

Pseudostratified definition (in epithelia)

A

appears to have multiple layers of cells because the nuclei of the different cells are in different layers but because all cells connect to basement membrane it is in fact simple epithelium. Not all cells reach the apical surface

59
Q

Goblet cells definition

A

Pseudostratified columnar cells that swell up with mucus

60
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium function

A

Secretion

61
Q

What are glandular epithelia?

A

Glands are made up of a single cell or group of cells that secret substances into blood

62
Q

What are the two classifications of glandular epithelia?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

63
Q

Explain the process of exocrine glands?

A

Secrete substances or hormones into a duct which will then empty their contents onto a surface
It produces local effects

64
Q

What is an example of an exocrine gland working?

A

Sweat glands

Sweat is made in the dermis, it needs to get on the surface for thermoregulation, it does so through a duct

65
Q

Explain the process of endocrine glands

A

Secrete substances or hormones directly into the blood via interstitial fluid (ie have NO ducts)

66
Q

What is an example of an endocrine gland working?

A

Thyroid gland

Hormones migrate through the epithelia and straight into a blood vessel nearby

67
Q

What are the two sub-types of exocrine glands?

A

Single cell or multicellular

68
Q

What is a single cell exocrine gland?

A

Goblet cells

Secrete mucinin which is hydrated to form mucous

69
Q

What are the two classifications for the DUCT of a multicellular exocrine gland?

A

Simple (has a single duct that doesn’t divide)

Compound (duct that branches)

70
Q

What are the classification of the SECRETORY portion of a multicellular exocrine gland?

A

Tubular if it forms tubes either straight or coiled

Alveolar if it forms sac-like pockets (roundish)

71
Q

What are the 5 simple multicellular exocrine glands?

A 
Simple tubular 
Simple coiled tubular 
Simple branched tubular 
Simple alveolar 
Simple branched alveolar
72
Q

Where are simple tubular glands found?

A

Intestinal glands

73
Q

What are simple coiled tubular glands used as?

A

Sweat glands

74
Q

Describe simple branched tubular glands

A

Gastric glands

Mucous glands of oesophagus, tongue, duodenum

75
Q

Describe simple alveolar glands

A

A stage in the embryonic development of simple branched glands

76
Q

Describe simple branched alveolar glands

A

Sebaceous glands

77
Q

What are the two subtypes of where simple squamous epithelium is located?

A

Endothelium and mesothelium

78
Q

What does endothelium line?

A

Line blood vessels + heart (CVS system)

Barrier and allows for rapid diffusion

79
Q

What does mesothelium line?

A

Pleura, Pericardial and peritoneal cavities (ALL SEROUS MEMBRANES)
Secret serous fluid, especially to prevent friction in the heart

80
Q

Where else is simple squamous epithelium found apart from the mesothelium and endothelium?

A

Alveoli of the lungs - rapid diffusion

Bowman’s capsule of the kidney - filtration barrier

81
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Diffusion (lungs), filtration (kidneys) and secretion (in serous membrane)

82
Q

What is the function of the serous fluid?

A

To allow organs to ‘slip and slide’ past against each other without any friction

83
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

PROTECTION

84
Q

What are the two sub-types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinised and non-keratinised

85
Q

Where and what is the function of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

SKIN!!

Waterproof, protects from abrasion

86
Q

Where and what is the function of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Found in the ‘naughty places’ - mouth, tongue, throat, oesophagus, vagina and anus
Protects from abrasion of mechanical/chemical stresses

87
Q

What is the function of the simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

88
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Pancreatic ducts (because pancreas secretes digestive fluids)
Lens surface
Kidney tubules
Surface of the ovary

89
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found and what is its function?

A

Found in oesophageal glands, adult sweat glands and male urethra
Protection, secretion, absorption

90
Q

What are the modifications found on simple columnar epithelium?

A

Cilia and microvilli

91
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

To move substances

92
Q

What is the function of the microvilli?

A

Increase absorption through an increase in surface area

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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