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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissues - Body Systems > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues - Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical level?

A

Atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of the body

eg. C, H, O, DNA and glucose

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2
Q

What is the cellular level?

A

Molecules that combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of the body (over 200 types)

eg. muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells

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3
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function. There are four main types

eg. muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial

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4
Q

What is the organ level?

A

Organs are structures that are made up of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific function

eg. stomach, skin, bones and heart

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5
Q

What is the system level?

A

A system has related organs working within it to carry out a common function

eg. the cardiovascular system

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6
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

all the parts of the body that make a living organism

eg. the individual

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7
Q

What are the eleven systems of the body?

A

MURDERS LINC
Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lympathic (and immune), Integumentary, Nervous and Cardiovascular

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8
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the Integumentary system?

A 
Cutaneous membrane = Skin (epidermis and dermis)
Hair follicles 
Hair 
Sebaceous Glands 
Sweat Glands (including mammary glands) 
Nails 
Sensory Receptors 
Hypodermis
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9
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

To protect by covering body surfaces and deeper tissue

To produce vitamin D

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10
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Where is the most vitamin D produced in the epidermis?

A

In the Stratum Spinosum and the Stratum Basale

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

The Papillary layer and the Reticular layer

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13
Q

What is the Papillary layer and what is it made of?

A

the layer below the epidermis and is the upper dermis which is made of areolar tissue

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14
Q

What is the Reticular layer and what is it made of?

A

The middle layer (deeper dermis) which is made of dense irregular connective tissue and provides nutrients and oxygen to the skin

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15
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

To feed the epidermis

Provide strength for the skin and it contains glands

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16
Q

What is the function of hair follicles?

A

To provide sensation through innervation

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17
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

Protection

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18
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

To lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis

Remove waste

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19
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation: evaporative cooling (sweat)

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20
Q

What systems is the mammary gland in?

A

The reproductive and integumentary (is a modified sweat gland)

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21
Q

What is the function of the nails?

A

To stiffen and protect digits

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22
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

To detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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23
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

To store fat and attach the skin to deeper layers

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24
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the muscular system?

A 
Skeletal muscle
Axial muscle 
Appendicular muscle 
Tendons 
Aponeuroses
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25
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
``` To provide skeletal movement Control entrances and exits to the digestive, urinary and respiratory system Produce heat (shivering) Support skeleton Protect soft tissues ```
26
What is the function of axial muscles?
To provide support | The positioning of the axial skeleton
27
What is the function of appendicular muscles?
To support, move and brace limbs
28
What is the function of tendons?
Attaches muscle to bone
29
What is the function of aponeuroses?
Attached muscle to muscle
30
What are the components/organ structures of the skeletal system?
``` Bones Cartilage Joints Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Bone Red Bone Marrow Yellow Bone marrow ```
31
What is the function of the bone?
To store minerals Protection Support Provides a place for the muscle to attach
32
What is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?
To protect soft tissue with some flexibility and is located in the ribs (lines chest)
33
What is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?
It is found in intervertebral discs and protects the vertebrae interfaces
34
What is in the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes: Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage and ligaments
35
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
Protects the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of the thorax Supports body weight over lower limbs
36
What is in the appendicular skeleton?
The limbs and supporting bones and ligaments including the arms, legs and pelvis
37
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
38
What are ligaments?
Fibrous joints that hold bones together
39
What are the joints?
Where two or more bones meet
40
Where is red bone marrow found?
In flat bones (e.g. pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs)
41
What is the function of the red bone marrow?
To produce red blood cells
42
Trends in age for yellow and red bone marrow
Redbone marrow decreases with age | Yellow bone marrow increases with age
43
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
In the medullary cavity of long bones (femur and humerus)
44
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
To store fat cells (adipocytes) and can convert to red bone marrow after major bleeding
45
Where are megakaryocytes found?
Redbone marrow
46
What is the function of megakaryocytes
To produce platelets
47
What are the components of the nervous system?
``` The central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Special Senses Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) ```
48
What is the CNS comprised of?
The brain and spinal cord
49
What is the function of the CNS?
It is the control centre of the body and has short term control over other systems
50
What system is the optic nerve apart of?
The central nervous system as it transmits visual information from the retina of the eye to the brain
51
What is the function of the brain?
Complex integrative activities | Controls voluntary and involuntary activities
52
What is the function of the spinal cord?
It relays information to and from the brain Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)
53
What is the function of the special sense organs?
Sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium
54
What system are the special senses in and what is the one exception?
the PNS system except for the optic nerve which is CNS
55
What is the function of the PNS?
To link the CNS with other systems and sense organs
56
What are the components of the endocrine system?
``` Pineal gland Hypothalamus/pituitary gland Thyroid gland parathyroid gland thymus adrenal gland kidneys pancreas gonads ```
57
What is the function of the Pineal gland?
Controls day/night rhythms through secretion of melatonin
58
Where is the pineal gland located?
the brain
59
What is the function of the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland?
control many other endocrine glands regulate growth fluid balance
60
Where is the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland found?
the brain
61
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Controls metabolic heart rate and calcium levels
62
Where is the thyroid gland located?
the throat
63
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
to control calcium levels
64
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
the throat
65
What is the endocrine function of the thymus?
maturation of t-lymphocytes (white blood cells)
66
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
Modulates cardiovascular and respiratory function Cortisol alters tissue metabolism Aldosterone regulate water and mineral balance Flight or fight response
67
What is the endocrine function of the kidneys?
Secrete EPO which controls RBC production Increases blood pressure levels Alters calcium levels
68
What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?
Produce growth hormone | G.H influences the liver to produce the insulin growth factor, IGF-1
69
What does IGF-1 act on?
Bone Muscle Skin
70
What does too much GH during childhood result in?
Gigantism
71
What is gigantism?
Really tall people
72
What does too much GH during adulthood result in?
Acromegaly
73
What does acromegaly cause?
Thickened facial features
74
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Glucose homeostasis | Insulin is released from the pancreatic islets of langerhans
75
What is the function of the gonads?
Gonads = testes and ovaries | Secrete sex hormones which control reproduction and sexual characteristics
76
What is within the male reproductive system?
Testes (are also within endocrine) External genitalia Accessory organs
77
What is the reproductive function of the testes?
Produce the hormone of testosterone
78
What is within the external genitalia of the male reproductive system?
Penis and scrotum
79
What is the function of the external genitalia in the male reproductive system?
Involved in reproduction | Temperature control of the testes
80
What is the function of the epididymis?
Location of sperm maturation
81
What is the function of vas deferens?
Transport sperm from the epididymis
82
What is the function of the seminal glands?
Produce seminal fluid
83
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Produce seminal fluid
84
What is the function of the urethra? AND WHAT OTHER SYSTEM IS THIS IN?????
Conducts sperm and urine out of the body | URINARY SYSTEM
85
What is within the female reproductive system?
``` Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina and external genitalia Mammary glands ```
86
What is the function of ovaries? | WHAT OTHER SYSTEM?????
Contain oocytes Produce sex hormones ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
87
What is the function of fallopian tubes?
Transport oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus | Fertilisation occurs here
88
What is the function of uterus?
Implantation and maturation of the embryo
89
What is the function of vagina and external genitalia?
Birth canal Receives sperm Lubrication
90
What is the function of the mammary glands? | WHAT OTHER SYSTEM?????
Produce milk for the baby (mama = mammary) | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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