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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissues - Body Systems > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues - Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical level?

A

Atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of the body

eg. C, H, O, DNA and glucose

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2
Q

What is the cellular level?

A

Molecules that combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of the body (over 200 types)

eg. muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells

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3
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function. There are four main types

eg. muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial

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4
Q

What is the organ level?

A

Organs are structures that are made up of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific function

eg. stomach, skin, bones and heart

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5
Q

What is the system level?

A

A system has related organs working within it to carry out a common function

eg. the cardiovascular system

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6
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

all the parts of the body that make a living organism

eg. the individual

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7
Q

What are the eleven systems of the body?

A

MURDERS LINC
Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lympathic (and immune), Integumentary, Nervous and Cardiovascular

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8
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the Integumentary system?

A 
Cutaneous membrane = Skin (epidermis and dermis)
Hair follicles 
Hair 
Sebaceous Glands 
Sweat Glands (including mammary glands) 
Nails 
Sensory Receptors 
Hypodermis
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9
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

To protect by covering body surfaces and deeper tissue

To produce vitamin D

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10
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Where is the most vitamin D produced in the epidermis?

A

In the Stratum Spinosum and the Stratum Basale

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

The Papillary layer and the Reticular layer

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13
Q

What is the Papillary layer and what is it made of?

A

the layer below the epidermis and is the upper dermis which is made of areolar tissue

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14
Q

What is the Reticular layer and what is it made of?

A

The middle layer (deeper dermis) which is made of dense irregular connective tissue and provides nutrients and oxygen to the skin

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15
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

To feed the epidermis

Provide strength for the skin and it contains glands

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16
Q

What is the function of hair follicles?

A

To provide sensation through innervation

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17
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

Protection

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18
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

To lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis

Remove waste

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19
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation: evaporative cooling (sweat)

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20
Q

What systems is the mammary gland in?

A

The reproductive and integumentary (is a modified sweat gland)

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21
Q

What is the function of the nails?

A

To stiffen and protect digits

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22
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

To detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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23
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

To store fat and attach the skin to deeper layers

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24
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the muscular system?

A 
Skeletal muscle
Axial muscle 
Appendicular muscle 
Tendons 
Aponeuroses
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25
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A 
To provide skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits to the digestive, urinary and respiratory system 
Produce heat (shivering) 
Support skeleton 
Protect soft tissues
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26
Q

What is the function of axial muscles?

A

To provide support

The positioning of the axial skeleton

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27
Q

What is the function of appendicular muscles?

A

To support, move and brace limbs

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28
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Attaches muscle to bone

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29
Q

What is the function of aponeuroses?

A

Attached muscle to muscle

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30
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the skeletal system?

A 
Bones
Cartilage 
Joints 
Axial Skeleton 
Appendicular Skeleton 
Bone 
Red Bone Marrow 
Yellow Bone marrow
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31
Q

What is the function of the bone?

A

To store minerals
Protection
Support
Provides a place for the muscle to attach

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32
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

A

To protect soft tissue with some flexibility and is located in the ribs (lines chest)

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33
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A

It is found in intervertebral discs and protects the vertebrae interfaces

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34
Q

What is in the axial skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes:
Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage and ligaments

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35
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of the thorax
Supports body weight over lower limbs

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36
Q

What is in the appendicular skeleton?

A

The limbs and supporting bones and ligaments including the arms, legs and pelvis

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37
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

38
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Fibrous joints that hold bones together

39
Q

What are the joints?

A

Where two or more bones meet

40
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

In flat bones (e.g. pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs)

41
Q

What is the function of the red bone marrow?

A

To produce red blood cells

42
Q

Trends in age for yellow and red bone marrow

A

Redbone marrow decreases with age

Yellow bone marrow increases with age

43
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow found?

A

In the medullary cavity of long bones (femur and humerus)

44
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

To store fat cells (adipocytes) and can convert to red bone marrow after major bleeding

45
Q

Where are megakaryocytes found?

A

Redbone marrow

46
Q

What is the function of megakaryocytes

A

To produce platelets

47
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A 
The central nervous system (CNS)
Brain 
Spinal Cord 
Special Senses 
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
48
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

49
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

It is the control centre of the body and has short term control over other systems

50
Q

What system is the optic nerve apart of?

A

The central nervous system as it transmits visual information from the retina of the eye to the brain

51
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

Complex integrative activities

Controls voluntary and involuntary activities

52
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

It relays information to and from the brain

Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)

53
Q

What is the function of the special sense organs?

A

Sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium

54
Q

What system are the special senses in and what is the one exception?

A

the PNS system except for the optic nerve which is CNS

55
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

To link the CNS with other systems and sense organs

56
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A 
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus/pituitary gland 
Thyroid gland
parathyroid gland 
thymus 
adrenal gland 
kidneys 
pancreas 
gonads
57
Q

What is the function of the Pineal gland?

A

Controls day/night rhythms through secretion of melatonin

58
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

59
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland?

A

control many other endocrine glands
regulate growth
fluid balance

60
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland found?

61
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Controls metabolic heart rate and calcium levels

62
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

the throat

63
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

to control calcium levels

64
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

the throat

65
Q

What is the endocrine function of the thymus?

A

maturation of t-lymphocytes (white blood cells)

66
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

Modulates cardiovascular and respiratory function
Cortisol alters tissue metabolism
Aldosterone regulate water and mineral balance
Flight or fight response

67
Q

What is the endocrine function of the kidneys?

A

Secrete EPO which controls RBC production
Increases blood pressure levels
Alters calcium levels

68
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Produce growth hormone

G.H influences the liver to produce the insulin growth factor, IGF-1

69
Q

What does IGF-1 act on?

A

Bone
Muscle
Skin

70
Q

What does too much GH during childhood result in?

71
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Really tall people

72
Q

What does too much GH during adulthood result in?

A

Acromegaly

73
Q

What does acromegaly cause?

A

Thickened facial features

74
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Glucose homeostasis

Insulin is released from the pancreatic islets of langerhans

75
Q

What is the function of the gonads?

A

Gonads = testes and ovaries

Secrete sex hormones which control reproduction and sexual characteristics

76
Q

What is within the male reproductive system?

A

Testes (are also within endocrine)
External genitalia
Accessory organs

77
Q

What is the reproductive function of the testes?

A

Produce the hormone of testosterone

78
Q

What is within the external genitalia of the male reproductive system?

A

Penis and scrotum

79
Q

What is the function of the external genitalia in the male reproductive system?

A

Involved in reproduction

Temperature control of the testes

80
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Location of sperm maturation

81
Q

What is the function of vas deferens?

A

Transport sperm from the epididymis

82
Q

What is the function of the seminal glands?

A

Produce seminal fluid

83
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Produce seminal fluid

84
Q

What is the function of the urethra? AND WHAT OTHER SYSTEM IS THIS IN?????

A

Conducts sperm and urine out of the body

URINARY SYSTEM

85
Q

What is within the female reproductive system?

A 
Ovaries 
Fallopian tubes 
Uterus 
Vagina and external genitalia 
Mammary glands
86
Q

What is the function of ovaries?

WHAT OTHER SYSTEM?????

A

Contain oocytes
Produce sex hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

87
Q

What is the function of fallopian tubes?

A

Transport oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus

Fertilisation occurs here

88
Q

What is the function of uterus?

A

Implantation and maturation of the embryo

89
Q

What is the function of vagina and external genitalia?

A

Birth canal
Receives sperm
Lubrication

90
Q

What is the function of the mammary glands?

WHAT OTHER SYSTEM?????

A

Produce milk for the baby (mama = mammary)

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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