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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissue - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue definition

A

tissue made of cells in an extracellular matrix of fibres and ground substances (including blood and bone)
C.T = ECM + FIBRES

These connect, support and protect body organs while distributing blood vessel to other tissues

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2
Q

Is connective tissue vascular?

A

Yes, unlike epithelia, connective tissue contains blood vessels and is highly vascular

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3
Q

What type of connective tissue does not contain blood vessels (is avascular) or nerves?

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

What does epithelia and connective tissue both contain?

A

Nerves

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5
Q

Do tendons have blood vessels?

A

They have a very limited blood supply

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6
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix and cells

CT = ECM + Cells

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7
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

A

Ground Substances and Protein fibres

ECM = GS + Fibres

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8
Q

What secretes protein fibres?

A

The connective tissue cells in the extracellular matrix

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9
Q

Is connective tissue found on body surfaces like epithelia?

A

No, the connective tissue is found in bones, cartilage and blood

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10
Q

What is ground substance?

A

The material between cells and fibres

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11
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

It is composed of water, proteins and polysaccharides (sugars)

GS = Water + Proteins + Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS or mucopolysaccharides)?

A

Large polysaccharides that join with core proteins to form proteoglycans

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13
Q

What are proteoglycans comprised of?

A

A core protein and glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) - GAGS stick out of protein like bristles on a brush

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14
Q

The main property of glycosaminoglycan

A

It is highly charged so it can trap water, making the ground substance in the ECM more jelly-like

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15
Q

How are sulphated and non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans structured differently?

A

Sulphated GAGS bind to proteins to form proteoglycans but non-sulphated GAGS do NOT join to proteins but instead to proteoglycans

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16
Q

Where is Dermatan sulphate found?

A

This GAG is found in the skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves

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17
Q

Where is Keratan sulphate found?

A

This GAG is found in the bone, cartilage, cornea of the eye (rigidity)

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18
Q

Where is Chondroitin sulphate found?

A

This GAG supports and provides adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels

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19
Q

What is Hyaluronic acid and what is its function?

A

A non-sulphated GAG. It is slippery, viscous and binds cells together, lubricates joints and maintains the shape of the eyeball

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20
Q

What produces hyalurondaise?

A

White blood cells, sperm and some bacteria

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21
Q

What is hyalurondaise?

A

An enzyme that breaks apart hyaluronic acid causing the ground substance of connective tissue to become more liquid.
White blood cells, sperm and bacteria do this to move easily /make access to egg easier/spread faster

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22
Q

What is Exophthalmos and what causes it?

A

is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit due to a swollen thyroid gland. It is caused by an autoimmune over-activation of the thyroid and autoimmune action on the fibroblasts in the ECM of the eye causing more ECM to be produced.

The deposition of glycosaminoglycans and the influx of water increase the orbital contents

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23
Q

Types of connective tissue fibres in the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres

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24
Q

Collagen fibre features and what it is composed of

A

Composed of the protein collagen
Very strong and flexible (to resist pulling forces)
Some features (like water content) can change depending on where it is located within the body (ie more water in cartilage than bone)
Occurs in parallel bundles

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25
Where are collagen fibres found?
In bone, cartilages, tendons and ligaments
26
Reticular fibre features and what it is composed of
Is made of collagen arranged in bundles and coated with glycoprotein (has more protein than sugar) Is made by fibroblasts It provides strength and support Form part of basement membrane Thinner than collagen and branching - forming a network through tissue and in vessels
27
Where are reticular fibres found?
In adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle areas, basement membrane
28
Elastic fibres features and what is it composed of
consists of molecules of the protein elastin, which are surrounded by the glycoprotein fibrillin (adds strength and stability) Thinner than collagen making a fibrous network Can be stretched without breaking and restore its original shape
29
Where are elastic fibres found?
Skin, blood vessels and the lung
30
Marfan Syndrome
A hereditary defect in elastic cells. Normally growth factors bind to fibrillin proteins which keep them inactive. However, in Marfan syndrome, they do not bind to fibrillin glycoproteins causing increased growth in the body which can lead to weakened heart valves and arterial walls. Is a DOMINANT gene
31
What are fibroblasts and their function?
Large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete components of the extracellular matrix (protein fibres and ground substance)
32
Where are fibroblasts found?
Widely distributed in connective tissues and are migratory
33
What are adipocytes and their function?
cells that store fat (triglycerides)
34
Where are adipocytes found?
Under the skin and around organs
35
What are macrophages and their function?
Phagocytic cells that have both fixed and wandering forms in connective tissue They destroy bacteria and cell debris
36
What are dust cells and where are they found?
Fixed Macrophages in the lung
37
What are kupffer cells and where are they found?
Fixed Macrophages in the liver
38
What are Langerhan cells and where are they found
Fixed Macrophages in the skin
39
Where are wandering macrophages found?
Sites of the 3 I's: infection, injury and inflammation
40
What makes plasma cells and their function?
They develop from B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies that attack and neutralise foreign substances
41
Where are plasma cells found?
In the gut, lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow
42
What is mast cells function?
Produce histamines Dilate blood vessels during inflammation Kill bacteria
43
Where are mast cells found?
Alongside blood vessels where they can influence blood vessel size
44
What are Leucocytes and their function?
White blood cells (neutrophils and eosinophils) Fight infections Destroy microbes Create allergic responses
45
Where are leucocytes found?
Found in tissues and migrate out of blood
46
The two types of connective tissue
Embryonic and mature
47
What is Mesenchyme and what is it made up of?
An embryonic tissue that gives rise to other connective tissue Consists of connective tissue cells (mesenchymal cells) in a semi-fluid ground substance containing reticular fibres
48
What is Mucous and what is it made up of?
An embryonic connective tissue Has widely scattered fibroblasts Embedded in a jelly-like ground substance
49
What is the function of the mucous tissue?
To support the umbilical cord of the foetus
50
What are the three types of mature loose connective tissue?
Areolar Adipose Reticular connective tissue
51
What is in the Areolar tissue?
Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres
52
Composition of loose connective tissue?
Many cells, fewer fibres
53
Function of areolar connective tissue
Wraps and cushions organs | Provides strength, elasticity and support
54
What is the composition of adipose tissue?
Adipocytes with central triglyceride droplets
55
What is the function of adipose tissue?
``` Insulation Energy storage (white adipose) Temperature control (brown adipose) ```
56
Where is adipose tissue found?
Found within areolar tissue (including fibroblasts) | Under skin, around buttocks, flanks, abdomen, orbit of the eye
57
What is reticular tissue made up of?
Interlacing network of reticular fibres and reticular cells
58
Where is reticular tissue located?
``` Stroma of the liver spleen lymph nodes red bone marrow reticular layer of basement membrane around blood vessels and muscles ```
59
What is the function of the reticular tissue?
Forms stroma, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
60
What is dense connective tissue made up of?
More fibres, fewer cells Thicker and more densely packed Made mainly of collagen Fibres arranged regularly in bundles with fibroblasts
61
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
To provide a strong attachment between various structures Tissue structure withstands pulling (tension) Slow healing due to a lack of cells involved in healing
62
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses
63
What is dense regular connective tissue made of?
Regularly arranged collagen fibres
64
What is dense irregular tissue made up of?
Collagen fibres with irregular fibroblasts in-between
65
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
Provides tensile (pulling) strength from all directions
66
What is dense elastic tissue made of?
Elastic fibres with fibroblasts | The unstained tissue is yellowish
67
Where is dense elastic tissue found?
Lung tissue Walls of arteries Trachea vocal chords etc
68
What is the function of dense elastic tissue?
Allows stretching and recoiling | Provides strength
69
What is the supportive connective tissue cartilage made of?
Collagen and elastin fibres in chondroitin sulphate (part of ground substance)
70
What is compact bone?
Is the outer layer of bone and forms the long shaft of bones
71
What is compact bone also known as?
The cortical bone | C of compact = C of cortical
72
What is compact bone comprised of?
Many rod-shaped units known as osteons or Haversian systems
73
What is spongy bone?
Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath bone | Lacks osteons
74
What is spongy bone also known as?
Cancellous bone
75
What is the function of compact bone?
Stores calcium & phosphorous Protection & support
76
What is the function of spongy bone?
Stores triglycerides (yellow marrow) and produces blood cells( red marrow)
77
What are the four cells found within bone?
Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
78
What are osteogenic cells?
Mesenchymal stem cells that develop and start to lay down collagen Become trapped and become osteoblasts.
79
What are osteoblasts?
Bone-forming cells | Lay down more collagen, mineralization process starts.
80
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells from osteoblasts trapped within the extracellular matrix. Maintain bone tissue. Involved in exchange of nutrients and wastes. Have gap junctions.
81
What are osteoclasts?
``` Large Multi-nucleated cells Formed from the fusion of blood monocytes Break-down bone Ruffled border/edged appearance ```
82
What is the structure of an osteon?
``` Has four parts: Lamellae Lacunae Canaliculi Central (Haversian) canals ```
83
Where are osteons located?
Osteons are aligned along lines of stress (e.g. long axis of bone shaft).
84
Describe the structure of the lamellae
concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness (e.g. calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide, which together form hydroxyapatite) Collagen (for tensile strength).
85
Describe the structure of the lacunae
'Little lakes' | Small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)
86
Describe the structure of the canaliculi
“minute canals” (containing EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste. CONTAIN GAP JUNCTIONS
87
What do osteoclasts do?
Reabsorb dead bone
88
What do chondroblasts do?
lay down hyaline cartilage callus
89
What do osteoblasts do?
Lay down new bone
90
What do osteoclasts do?
Remodel new bone
91
Blood CT =
ECM (plasma) + cells
92
What type of C.T is blood?
Liquid
93
What does the liquid C.T consist of?
Consists of blood plasma( a liquid extracellular matrix) and formed elements (red cells, white cells and platelets)
94
What are the types of the formed elements of blood?
Erthryocyes Thrombocytes Granular leucocytes Agranular leucocytes
95
What are the types of the formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes Thrombocytes Granular leucocytes Agranular leucocytes
96
What formed elements of blood are classified as granular leucocytes?
T & B lymphocytes
97
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
98
What do leucocytes do?
Combat disease
99
What are neutrophils and monocytes and what is their function?
Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)are phagocytic | Engulf bacteria.
100
What is the function of the basophils and mast cells?
Release substances (e.g. histamine) that intensify the inflammatory reaction.
101
What are eosinophils effective against?
Parasitic worms and in an acute allergic response
102
What are involved in the immune response?
Lymphocytes (ie white blood cells)
103
What is the function of the platelets and what are they formed from?
Platelets (from megakaryocytes in red marrow) | Clotting

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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