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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissue - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue definition

A

tissue made of cells in an extracellular matrix of fibres and ground substances (including blood and bone)
C.T = ECM + FIBRES

These connect, support and protect body organs while distributing blood vessel to other tissues

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2
Q

Is connective tissue vascular?

A

Yes, unlike epithelia, connective tissue contains blood vessels and is highly vascular

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3
Q

What type of connective tissue does not contain blood vessels (is avascular) or nerves?

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

What does epithelia and connective tissue both contain?

A

Nerves

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5
Q

Do tendons have blood vessels?

A

They have a very limited blood supply

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6
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix and cells

CT = ECM + Cells

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7
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

A

Ground Substances and Protein fibres

ECM = GS + Fibres

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8
Q

What secretes protein fibres?

A

The connective tissue cells in the extracellular matrix

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9
Q

Is connective tissue found on body surfaces like epithelia?

A

No, the connective tissue is found in bones, cartilage and blood

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10
Q

What is ground substance?

A

The material between cells and fibres

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11
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

It is composed of water, proteins and polysaccharides (sugars)

GS = Water + Proteins + Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS or mucopolysaccharides)?

A

Large polysaccharides that join with core proteins to form proteoglycans

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13
Q

What are proteoglycans comprised of?

A

A core protein and glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) - GAGS stick out of protein like bristles on a brush

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14
Q

The main property of glycosaminoglycan

A

It is highly charged so it can trap water, making the ground substance in the ECM more jelly-like

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15
Q

How are sulphated and non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans structured differently?

A

Sulphated GAGS bind to proteins to form proteoglycans but non-sulphated GAGS do NOT join to proteins but instead to proteoglycans

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16
Q

Where is Dermatan sulphate found?

A

This GAG is found in the skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves

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17
Q

Where is Keratan sulphate found?

A

This GAG is found in the bone, cartilage, cornea of the eye (rigidity)

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18
Q

Where is Chondroitin sulphate found?

A

This GAG supports and provides adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels

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19
Q

What is Hyaluronic acid and what is its function?

A

A non-sulphated GAG. It is slippery, viscous and binds cells together, lubricates joints and maintains the shape of the eyeball

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20
Q

What produces hyalurondaise?

A

White blood cells, sperm and some bacteria

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21
Q

What is hyalurondaise?

A

An enzyme that breaks apart hyaluronic acid causing the ground substance of connective tissue to become more liquid.
White blood cells, sperm and bacteria do this to move easily /make access to egg easier/spread faster

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22
Q

What is Exophthalmos and what causes it?

A

is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit due to a swollen thyroid gland. It is caused by an autoimmune over-activation of the thyroid and autoimmune action on the fibroblasts in the ECM of the eye causing more ECM to be produced.

The deposition of glycosaminoglycans and the influx of water increase the orbital contents

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23
Q

Types of connective tissue fibres in the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres

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24
Q

Collagen fibre features and what it is composed of

A

Composed of the protein collagen
Very strong and flexible (to resist pulling forces)
Some features (like water content) can change depending on where it is located within the body (ie more water in cartilage than bone)
Occurs in parallel bundles

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25
Q

Where are collagen fibres found?

A

In bone, cartilages, tendons and ligaments

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26
Q

Reticular fibre features and what it is composed of

A

Is made of collagen arranged in bundles and coated with glycoprotein (has more protein than sugar)
Is made by fibroblasts
It provides strength and support
Form part of basement membrane
Thinner than collagen and branching - forming a network through tissue and in vessels

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27
Q

Where are reticular fibres found?

A

In adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle areas, basement membrane

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28
Q

Elastic fibres features and what is it composed of

A

consists of molecules of the protein elastin, which are surrounded by the glycoprotein fibrillin (adds strength and stability)
Thinner than collagen making a fibrous network
Can be stretched without breaking and restore its original shape

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29
Q

Where are elastic fibres found?

A

Skin, blood vessels and the lung

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30
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

A hereditary defect in elastic cells. Normally growth factors bind to fibrillin proteins which keep them inactive. However, in Marfan syndrome, they do not bind to fibrillin glycoproteins causing increased growth in the body which can lead to weakened heart valves and arterial walls. Is a DOMINANT gene

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31
Q

What are fibroblasts and their function?

A

Large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete components of the extracellular matrix (protein fibres and ground substance)

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32
Q

Where are fibroblasts found?

A

Widely distributed in connective tissues and are migratory

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33
Q

What are adipocytes and their function?

A

cells that store fat (triglycerides)

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34
Q

Where are adipocytes found?

A

Under the skin and around organs

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35
Q

What are macrophages and their function?

A

Phagocytic cells that have both fixed and wandering forms in connective tissue

They destroy bacteria and cell debris

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36
Q

What are dust cells and where are they found?

A

Fixed Macrophages in the lung

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37
Q

What are kupffer cells and where are they found?

A

Fixed Macrophages in the liver

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38
Q

What are Langerhan cells and where are they found

A

Fixed Macrophages in the skin

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39
Q

Where are wandering macrophages found?

A

Sites of the 3 I’s: infection, injury and inflammation

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40
Q

What makes plasma cells and their function?

A

They develop from B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies that attack and neutralise foreign substances

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41
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

In the gut, lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow

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42
Q

What is mast cells function?

A

Produce histamines
Dilate blood vessels during inflammation
Kill bacteria

43
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Alongside blood vessels where they can influence blood vessel size

44
Q

What are Leucocytes and their function?

A

White blood cells (neutrophils and eosinophils)
Fight infections
Destroy microbes
Create allergic responses

45
Q

Where are leucocytes found?

A

Found in tissues and migrate out of blood

46
Q

The two types of connective tissue

A

Embryonic and mature

47
Q

What is Mesenchyme and what is it made up of?

A

An embryonic tissue that gives rise to other connective tissue

Consists of connective tissue cells (mesenchymal cells) in a semi-fluid ground substance containing reticular fibres

48
Q

What is Mucous and what is it made up of?

A

An embryonic connective tissue
Has widely scattered fibroblasts
Embedded in a jelly-like ground substance

49
Q

What is the function of the mucous tissue?

A

To support the umbilical cord of the foetus

50
Q

What are the three types of mature loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular connective tissue

51
Q

What is in the Areolar tissue?

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres

52
Q

Composition of loose connective tissue?

A

Many cells, fewer fibres

53
Q

Function of areolar connective tissue

A

Wraps and cushions organs

Provides strength, elasticity and support

54
Q

What is the composition of adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes with central triglyceride droplets

55
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A 
Insulation 
Energy storage (white adipose) 
Temperature control (brown adipose)
56
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Found within areolar tissue (including fibroblasts)

Under skin, around buttocks, flanks, abdomen, orbit of the eye

57
Q

What is reticular tissue made up of?

A

Interlacing network of reticular fibres and reticular cells

58
Q

Where is reticular tissue located?

A 
Stroma of the liver 
spleen 
lymph nodes 
red bone marrow 
reticular layer of basement membrane 
around blood vessels and muscles
59
Q

What is the function of the reticular tissue?

A

Forms stroma, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

60
Q

What is dense connective tissue made up of?

A

More fibres, fewer cells
Thicker and more densely packed
Made mainly of collagen
Fibres arranged regularly in bundles with fibroblasts

61
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

To provide a strong attachment between various structures
Tissue structure withstands pulling (tension)
Slow healing due to a lack of cells involved in healing

62
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses

63
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue made of?

A

Regularly arranged collagen fibres

64
Q

What is dense irregular tissue made up of?

A

Collagen fibres with irregular fibroblasts in-between

65
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Provides tensile (pulling) strength from all directions

66
Q

What is dense elastic tissue made of?

A

Elastic fibres with fibroblasts

The unstained tissue is yellowish

67
Q

Where is dense elastic tissue found?

A

Lung tissue
Walls of arteries
Trachea
vocal chords etc

68
Q

What is the function of dense elastic tissue?

A

Allows stretching and recoiling

Provides strength

69
Q

What is the supportive connective tissue cartilage made of?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres in chondroitin sulphate (part of ground substance)

70
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Is the outer layer of bone and forms the long shaft of bones

71
Q

What is compact bone also known as?

A

The cortical bone

C of compact = C of cortical

72
Q

What is compact bone comprised of?

A

Many rod-shaped units known as osteons or Haversian systems

73
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath bone

Lacks osteons

74
Q

What is spongy bone also known as?

A

Cancellous bone

75
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Stores calcium & phosphorous Protection & support

76
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Stores triglycerides (yellow marrow) and produces blood cells( red marrow)

77
Q

What are the four cells found within bone?

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

78
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells that develop and start to lay down collagen
Become trapped and become osteoblasts.

79
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cells

Lay down more collagen, mineralization process starts.

80
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells from osteoblasts trapped within the extracellular matrix.
Maintain bone tissue.
Involved in exchange of nutrients and wastes.
Have gap junctions.

81
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A 
Large
Multi-nucleated cells
Formed from the fusion of blood monocytes
Break-down bone
Ruffled border/edged appearance
82
Q

What is the structure of an osteon?

A 
Has four parts: 
Lamellae 
Lacunae 
Canaliculi 
Central (Haversian) canals
83
Q

Where are osteons located?

A

Osteons are aligned along lines of stress (e.g. long axis of bone shaft).

84
Q

Describe the structure of the lamellae

A

concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness
(e.g. calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide, which together form hydroxyapatite)
Collagen (for tensile strength).

85
Q

Describe the structure of the lacunae

A

‘Little lakes’

Small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)

86
Q

Describe the structure of the canaliculi

A

“minute canals” (containing EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste.

CONTAIN GAP JUNCTIONS

87
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Reabsorb dead bone

88
Q

What do chondroblasts do?

A

lay down hyaline cartilage callus

89
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Lay down new bone

90
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Remodel new bone

91
Q

Blood CT =

A

ECM (plasma) + cells

92
Q

What type of C.T is blood?

A

Liquid

93
Q

What does the liquid C.T consist of?

A

Consists of blood plasma( a liquid extracellular matrix) and formed elements (red cells, white cells and platelets)

94
Q

What are the types of the formed elements of blood?

A

Erthryocyes
Thrombocytes
Granular leucocytes
Agranular leucocytes

95
Q

What are the types of the formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Granular leucocytes
Agranular leucocytes

96
Q

What formed elements of blood are classified as granular leucocytes?

A

T & B lymphocytes

97
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

98
Q

What do leucocytes do?

A

Combat disease

99
Q

What are neutrophils and monocytes and what is their function?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)are phagocytic

Engulf bacteria.

100
Q

What is the function of the basophils and mast cells?

A

Release substances (e.g. histamine) that intensify the inflammatory reaction.

101
Q

What are eosinophils effective against?

A

Parasitic worms and in an acute allergic response

102
Q

What are involved in the immune response?

A

Lymphocytes (ie white blood cells)

103
Q

What is the function of the platelets and what are they formed from?

A

Platelets (from megakaryocytes in red marrow)

Clotting

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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