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GCSE Biology > Cells And Movement Across Cell Membranes > Flashcards

Cells And Movement Across Cell Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal cell parts (4)

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where the chemical reactions happen

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes that carry genetic information and controls the cells activities

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Plant cell parts (7)

A
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
  • mitochondria
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7
Q

Cell wall

A

Contains cellulose and provides structural support

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8
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap and helps provide structural support, keeping the cell firm

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10
Q

Total magnification =

A

Objective lens x eyepiece lens

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11
Q

Stain used for plant cells

A

Iodine

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12
Q

Stain used for animal cells

A

Methylene blue

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13
Q

How is a slide prepared (3)

A
  • lay sample flat on glass slide
  • use a mounted needle to lower the coverslip
  • angle light under the slide
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14
Q

Advantages of light microscope (2)

A
  • Images can be seen in colour
  • they can look at living and dead tissue
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15
Q

Disadvantages of light microscope (2)

A
  • maximum magnification is x1000
  • tissue has to be stained
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16
Q

Advantage of electron microscopes

A
  • can magnify tissue up to x 1 million
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17
Q

Disadvantages of electron microscopes (2)

A
  • images only seen in black and white
  • only observe dead tissue
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18
Q

How many micrometers are in a mm

A

1000

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19
Q

Actual image =

A

Image size
—————
Magnification

20
Q

Specialised cells

A

Have differentiated to have several adaptations to be more efficient at carrying out a specific function.

21
Q

Level of organisation within organisms (smallest to largest)

A
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
22
Q

Specialised cells (5)

A
  • sperm cells
  • red blood cells
  • stem cells
  • palisade cells
  • root hair cells
23
Q

Root hair cell adaptation

A

Elongated shape increases surface area so it can absorb more water/ minerals

24
Q

Red blood cell function

A

Transports oxygen for aerobic respiration

25
Q

Sperm cell function

A

To meet with an ovum and fertilise it

26
Q

Stem cell function

A

Help other parts of the body that need maintenance and repair

27
Q

Palisade cell function

A

Helps a plant go through the process of photosynthesis

28
Q

Red blood cell adaptations (3)

A
  • no nucleus
  • bi-concave shape
  • thin membrane
29
Q

Sperm cell adaptations (4)

A
  • nucleus
  • acrosome contains enzymes to digest egg coat
  • mitochondria to provide energy for respiration
  • tail to swim to egg
30
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from a high concentration area to a low concentrations area

31
Q

Factors impacting diffusion (5)

A
  • concentration gradient
  • surface area
  • size of particles
  • temperature
  • diffusion distance
32
Q

What can be used as replacement of living membrane in experiments

A

Visking tube

33
Q

What colour does starch and iodine turn

A

Blue/black

34
Q

Describe a diffusion experiment

A
  • Pour iodine in a beaker
  • Fill a whisking tube membrane with starch
  • Put this in the iodine
35
Q

Describe the results of a visking tube experiment

A

Iodine is smaller than starch. It moves inside the membrane down a concentration gradient. The particles move in and out to achieve an equilibrium. The starch particles are too big to fit through pores in the membrane. Inside the membrane turns blue/black, outside stays brown.

36
Q

What process is diffusion

A

A passive process - requires no energy

37
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration

38
Q

Active transport

A

Active process where particles can enter cells against a concentration gradient

39
Q

What provides energy for active transport

A

Respiration provides energy in the form of ATP

40
Q

What are enzymes

A

Proteins made by living cells that catalyse/speed up rate of chemical reactions

41
Q

What reactions are enzymes involved in

A

Metabolic

42
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Break large molecules into small ones and build large molecules from small ones

43
Q

Why do different enzymes have different active sites

A

Composed of different amino acids linked to form a chain which is folded into a specific shape.

44
Q

Lock and key theory (5)

A
  1. A substrate has a complimentary shape to an enzymes active site
  2. The substrate binds to the enzyme to form and enzyme - substrate complex
  3. The substrate is broken down into products by the reaction
  4. The enzyme remains the same and can be reused
  5. If the substrate aren’t a complimentary shape they will not bind and react
45
Q

Effects of temperature on enzymes

A

Increased temperature increases collisions between enzymes and substrates as they have more energy. Optimum temperature is the rate at which enzyme action is greatest. After this the enzymes denature (bonds holding the amino acids break and the active site changes shape)

46
Q

Effects of pH on enzymes

A

PH is too low or high the enzyme denatures (bonds holding the amino acids break causing the active site to change shape). Optimum pH is where rate of enzyme action is highest.

47
Q

Semi permeable membrane

A

A membrane that only allows smaller molecules to pass through it

GCSE Biology (5 decks)

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