Cells Flashcards
who coined the term ‘cell’ and in what year
Robert Hooke coined the ter ‘cell’ in 1665
organelles
the cell components besides the nucleus
name the parts of an animal cell
- cell membrane
- cystoplasm
- mitochondria
- nucleus
- small vacuole
name the parts of a plant cell
- cell wall
- chloroplast
- large vacuole
- cell membrane
- cystoplasm
- mitochondria
- nucleus
what is the protoplasm
the cytoplasm and the nucleus are collectively called the protoplasm
what is the cystoplasm composed of
it is composed mainly of water and proteins, but also has many other dissolved substances in it, such as minerals, organic substances (e.g. sugards and amino acids) and gases
what is cytoplasm
the ‘jelly’ part of the cell that contains many sub-cellular structures called organelles, set in a watery medium called the cytosol/gel
what is a cell membrane
the cell membrane is a plasma membrane that surrounds the entire cell and most organelles within the cell
how is a cell membrane often described
the membrane can be described as selectively permeable
what is it called when water can move freely through a membrane without using energy
this is called passive transport
what is it called when substances move through a membrane by using energy
this is called active transport
what does the nucleus contain
the nucleus contains the chromatin material (DNA threads) and a nucleolus.
what is the nucleus surrounded by
the nucleus is surrounded by a double nuclear membrane
why is the nucleus vital to the cell
because it controls all the cell’s activities
what is the name and function of the genetic material contained in the nucleus
this is called DNA and this holds the instructions for all cell activity
what happens when cells divide
when cells divide the DNA information is passed on from generation to generation
what are the mitochondria
the mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, and generally are the major energy conversion centres in both plant and animal cells.
how and where is energy converted
energy is converted in the mitochondria from energy rich substances such as sugars into another chemical that can be used by the cells
what is the main outcome of respiration in the mitochondria
the mitochondria are sometimes called the “power houses” of the cell. the release of this chemical potential energy in cells is the main outcome of respiration
where is the plant cell wall
the plant cell wall is outside the living protoplasm of the cell
what happens to the cell wall when cells divide
when plant cells divide, a new cell wall is laid down between the two new adjacent cells
what is the function of a cell wall
it provides strength and protection against mechanical stress. it also allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.
how permeable is a cell wall
it is fully permeable to dissolved substances
what is the cell wall material
the cell wall material is a complex carbohydrate called cellulose
what are chloroplasts
chloroplasts are the site of the process of photosynthesis
wha are chloroplasts surrounded by
chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane
what is chlorophyll
the green photosynthetic pigment
what are all the other colours made of
chromoplasts
what is a vacuole
the vacuole is a sac bound by a single membrane
what does a vacuole contain
it contains cell sap (water, mineral salts, pigments, organic acids and enzymes)
what is the function of a plant cell vacuole
the vacuole in plants helps create an internal cell pressure that keeps the cell firm (turgid)
what is the opposite of a turgid cell
a flaccid cell
how does the mitochondrion make energy
glucose and oxygen in the cytoplasm diffuse into the mitochondrion. the glucose is then broken down to release the energy that it contains
