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🐸 Life Sciences 🐸 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

who coined the term ‘cell’ and in what year

A

Robert Hooke coined the ter ‘cell’ in 1665

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2
Q

organelles

A

the cell components besides the nucleus

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3
Q

name the parts of an animal cell

A
  • cell membrane
  • cystoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • small vacuole
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4
Q

name the parts of a plant cell

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
  • large vacuole
  • cell membrane
  • cystoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
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5
Q

what is the protoplasm

A

the cytoplasm and the nucleus are collectively called the protoplasm

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6
Q

what is the cystoplasm composed of

A

it is composed mainly of water and proteins, but also has many other dissolved substances in it, such as minerals, organic substances (e.g. sugards and amino acids) and gases

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7
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

the ‘jelly’ part of the cell that contains many sub-cellular structures called organelles, set in a watery medium called the cytosol/gel

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8
Q

what is a cell membrane

A

the cell membrane is a plasma membrane that surrounds the entire cell and most organelles within the cell

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9
Q

how is a cell membrane often described

A

the membrane can be described as selectively permeable

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10
Q

what is it called when water can move freely through a membrane without using energy

A

this is called passive transport

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11
Q

what is it called when substances move through a membrane by using energy

A

this is called active transport

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12
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

the nucleus contains the chromatin material (DNA threads) and a nucleolus.

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13
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

the nucleus is surrounded by a double nuclear membrane

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14
Q

why is the nucleus vital to the cell

A

because it controls all the cell’s activities

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15
Q

what is the name and function of the genetic material contained in the nucleus

A

this is called DNA and this holds the instructions for all cell activity

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16
Q

what happens when cells divide

A

when cells divide the DNA information is passed on from generation to generation

17
Q

what are the mitochondria

A

the mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, and generally are the major energy conversion centres in both plant and animal cells.

18
Q

how and where is energy converted

A

energy is converted in the mitochondria from energy rich substances such as sugars into another chemical that can be used by the cells

19
Q

what is the main outcome of respiration in the mitochondria

A

the mitochondria are sometimes called the “power houses” of the cell. the release of this chemical potential energy in cells is the main outcome of respiration

20
Q

where is the plant cell wall

A

the plant cell wall is outside the living protoplasm of the cell

21
Q

what happens to the cell wall when cells divide

A

when plant cells divide, a new cell wall is laid down between the two new adjacent cells

22
Q

what is the function of a cell wall

A

it provides strength and protection against mechanical stress. it also allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.

23
Q

how permeable is a cell wall

A

it is fully permeable to dissolved substances

24
Q

what is the cell wall material

A

the cell wall material is a complex carbohydrate called cellulose

25
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

chloroplasts are the site of the process of photosynthesis

26
Q

wha are chloroplasts surrounded by

A

chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane

27
Q

what is chlorophyll

A

the green photosynthetic pigment

28
Q

what are all the other colours made of

A

chromoplasts

29
Q

what is a vacuole

A

the vacuole is a sac bound by a single membrane

30
Q

what does a vacuole contain

A

it contains cell sap (water, mineral salts, pigments, organic acids and enzymes)

31
Q

what is the function of a plant cell vacuole

A

the vacuole in plants helps create an internal cell pressure that keeps the cell firm (turgid)

32
Q

what is the opposite of a turgid cell

A

a flaccid cell

33
Q

how does the mitochondrion make energy

A

glucose and oxygen in the cytoplasm diffuse into the mitochondrion. the glucose is then broken down to release the energy that it contains

🐸 Life Sciences 🐸 (10 decks)

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