Cells Flashcards
- In all living things
- Microscopic in size
- Die then replaced with new cells
- Basic until of structure and function of all living things
- Major parts are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
- composed of protoplasm, an aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane. These components are organized into structures that have a specific function in the cell and are called organelles.
cells
Every cell surrounded by _____. Separates the cell from it’s external environment and form neighboring cells. A double layer that regulates the passage or transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of others.
cell membrane / cell plasma
Structures embedded in the cytoplasm to help it function
organelles
- Most important organelle within the cell which contains ribosomes and protein
- This spherical organelle is usually located in or near the center of the cell
- Control the activities of the cell and to facilitate cell division
- When a cell reaches a certain size, it divides to form two new cells. The DNA and protein are arranged in a loose and diffuse state called chromatin
- The chromatin condenses to form short, rodlike structures called chromosomes
- The number of chromosomes for the human being is 46
nucleus
- Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell
- Double layered structure with openings at regular intervals
- Outer layer is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cytoplasm
nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the
chromatin and the nucleoli
nucleoplasm
- Reservoir for RNA
2. Contains the ribosomes, which are composed of ribonucleic acid and protein.
nucleolus
- Serve as site for protein synthesis
- May exist freely in the cytoplasm, be in clusters called polyribosomes, or be attached to the walls of the endoplasmic reticulum.
ribosomes
- Provides an organized watery environment where life
functions take place via the activities of the organelles,
which reside there - Organelles are embedded in the ________, these help the cell to function.
cytoplasm
- Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell
division - During mitosis, or cell division, the two centrioles separate from each other, creating thin fibers that form between the two centrioles. The fibers attach themselves to individual chromosomes to help in the equal distribution of these chromosomes.
centrosome
- Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm in and out of the nucleus
- Has a role in cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs
endoplasmic reticulum
- Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production
Where most of a cell’s energy comes from - Store ATP (adenosinetriphoshate), which are carbohydrates, fats and protein molecules broken down into energy. All living cells need ATP for their activities.
mitochondria
- Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for
discharge from the cell - Abundant in cells of gastric glands, salivary glands and pancreatic glands
Golgi apparatus
- Serve as center for cellular digestion
- Contain powerful digestive enzymes that digest protein molecules
- Helps to digest old, worn-out cells, bacteria and foreign matter
- Sometimes rupture, which will cause them to start digesting their own proteins, causing it to die - known as “suicide bags.”
lysosomes
Membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes that help to digest fats and detoxify harmful substances
peroxisomes
Forms internal framework of a cell, provides support for the cells
cytoskeleton
Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell
Pinocytic vesicles
- Protrusions from the cell membrane that provide movement
- _____ have short hair-like protrusions
- _____ have singular tail-like protrusion
- Cilia
3. Flagella
- Chemical reactions occur within the cells
- Energy supplied by ATP
- ATP created from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that we eat
cellular metabolism
- The process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete
- Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete
- Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23
- Fertilization
- Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes
meiosis
- Involves growth and maintenance of cells
- Cell division
- Divided into two distinct processes:
- 1st stage: Division of the nucleus
- 2nd stage: Division of the cytoplasm - An orderly series of steps by which the DNA in the nucleus of the cell is equally distributed to two daughter, or identical, nuclei. This is followed by the division of the cytoplasm into two approximately equal parts through the formation of a new membrane between the two nuclei.
mitosis
Phase I
-Interphase (resting stage)
Phase II
-Prophase
Phase III
-Metaphase
Phase IV
-Anaphase
Phase V
-Telophase
Cycle back to interphase
Mitosis Stages
Name given to the unprogammed death of cells and living tissue. There are many causes of necrosis, including injury, infection, cancer, infarction (blood clot), toxins and inflammation. Cells that die from necrosis may release harmful chemicals that damage other cells.
necrosis
An orderly process by which cells intentionally die. The cell itself initiates, regulates and executes its death by using an elaborate arsenal of cellular and molecular activity.
apoptosis
Derived from the blastocyst stage of development
embryonic stem cells
Found in adult tissue
adult stem cells
Found in umbilical cord blood
umbilical cord blood stem cells
Can give rise to any type of cell in the body except those needed to develop a fetus.
induced pluripotent stem cells
Are primal cells common to all multi-cellular organisms. They retain the ability to renew themselves through cell division and to differentiate themselves into a wide range of specialized cell types.
stem cells
Cells produce proteins that are essential to life through a process
protein synthesis
Determines the kinds of proteins that are produced within each cells.
DNA
Messenger molecule carries the instruction for protein synthesis from the DNA to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
RNA
Does not require an energy source. Examples are diffusion, osmosis and filtration.
passive transport
Require an energy source
active transport
Is a physical process whereby molecules of gases, liquids or solid particles spread or scatter themselves evenly through a medium. Generally, molecules move from an area where they are greatly concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. The molecules will eventually distribute themselves evenly within the space available, when this happens, the molecules are said to be in a state of equilibrium.
diffusion
Is the diffusion of water or any other solvent molecule through a selective permeable membrane (the cell membrane). A selective permeable membrane is any membrane through which some solutes can diffuse, but others cannot.
osmosis
Is the movement of solutes and water across a semipermeable membrane. The size of the membrane pores determines which molecules are to be filtered. Filtration allows for the separation of large and small molecules.
filtration
Or “cell eating”, substances engulfed are within particles. The particulate substance is engulfed by an enfolding of the cell membrane to form a vacuole enclosing the material. When the material is completely enclosed within the vacuole, digestive enzymes pour into the vacuole from the cytoplasm to destroy the entrapped substance.
phagocytosis
Or “cell drinking” involves the formation of pinocytic vesicles that engulf large molecules in solution. The cell then ingests the nutrient for its own use.
pinocytosis
Specialize in response
nerve cells
Specialize in oxygen transport
red blood cells
- May lose some functions, such as
reproduction - Interdependence among cells
specialization
- A phase of normal development
- Older person may have 30% fewer cells
- Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks
- Physiologic changes are universal and
progressive - Not a disease
aging
Cells that decrease in size
atrophy
Cells that increase in size
hypertrophy
Cells that increase in number
hyperplasia
Cells that change into another type of cell
metaplasia
Is the change to the size, shape, and organization of the cells as a result of a stimulus.
dysplasia
Is changes in cell structure that occur in an uncontrolled growth pattern.
neoplasia
A decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood flow to cellular structures.
hypoxia
A lack of oxygen flow to cellular structures, most commonly cause death in cells.
anoxia
- When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern
2. Also called neoplasms
tumor
Composed of cells confined to the local area.
Benign tumors
Cancerous tumors continue to grow, crowding out healthy cells, interfering with body functions, and drawing nutrients away from the body tissues. These malignant tumors can spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastatsis.
Malignant tumor
colored
chromo
-some
body
colored body in the cell contains the DNA
chromo/some
cells
cyto
framework
-skeleton
framework of the cell
cyto/skeleton
excessive
hyper
strength, concentration
-tonic
excessive concentration
hyper/tonic
below normal
hypo
below normal concentration
hypo/tonic
same as
iso
same concentration
iso/tonic
lessening or concentration
mei
condition of
-o/sis
condition of lessening of chromosomes
mei/osis
beyond or after
meta
controlling or stopping
-stasis
beyond control
meta/stasis
new
neo
growth
-plasm
new growth
neo/plasm
eat
phag/o
process of
-cytosis
process of cell eating
phagocytosis
