Body Planes Flashcards
Shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another
anatomy
Function of each body part and how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism
physiology
Study of large and easily observable structures on an organism. This is done through dissection and visible inspection with the naked eye.
gross anatomy
Use of microscopes to enable one to see the minute details of organ parts.
microscopic anatomy
Studies the growth and development of an organism during its lifetime.
developmental anatomy
Study of the similarities and differences with human organs and those of the animal kingdom.
comparative anatomy
Study of the structure of various organs or parts that comprise a particular organ system.
systematic anatomy
Front or in front of. The knees are located on the anterior surface of the human body.
anterior or ventral
Back or in back of. Human shoulder blades are found on the posterior surface of the body.
posterior or dorsal
Toward the “head end” or “tail end”. ______ means “skull” or “head end”. ____ means “tail end”.
cephalic and caudal
Above or below another. The heart and lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm, while the intestines are inferior to them.
superior and inferior
Toward or away from the midline. The nose is medial to the eyes and the ears are lateral to the nose.
medial and lateral
Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin. The wrist is proximal to the hand; the elbow is distal to the shoulder.
proximal and distal
On or near the surface or deep inside. A ______ wound involves an injury to the outer skin. A _______ involves damage to an internal organ such as the stomach.
superficial / external and internal
- superficial
- deep injury
Right and left parts
sagittal plane
Equal right and left parts
midsagittal plane
Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane, or front and back parts
coronal (frontal) plane
Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts
transverse or cross section
- Brain and spinal cord
- Cranial cavity contains the brain
- Spinal cavity contains the spine
dorsal cavity
Contains the esophagus, bronchi, lungs, trachea, thymus gland and heart.
thoracic cavity
- Abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine.
- Pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, the remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix.
abdominopelvic cavity
Just below sternum
epigastric region (upper)
Just below ribs
right and left hypochondriac
Located around the navel
umbilical (middle)
Extend from anterior to posterior
right and left lumbar
Pubic area
hypogastric (lower)
Aka right and left inguinal areas
right and left iliac
Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts
orbital cavity
Parts that form the nose
nasal cavity
Teeth and tongue
buccal cavity
Muscle system, the ability of the whole organism – or a part of it – to move
movement
Digestive system, the process by which an organism takes in food
ingestion
Digestive system, the breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler food molecules
digestion
Circulatory system, the movement of necessary substances to, into, and around cells, and of cellular products and wastes out of and away from cells
transport
Respiratory system, the burning or oxidation of food molecules in a cell to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide
respiration
Digestive system
synthesis
Digestive system, the transformation of digested food molecules into living tissue for growth and self-repair
assimilation
Skeletal system, the enlargement of an organism due to synthesis and assimilation, resulting in an increase in the number and size of its cells
growth
Endocrine system, the formation and release of hormones from a cell or structure
secretion
Urinary system, the removal of metabolic waste products from an organism
excretion
Nervous system, the ability of an organism to respond to its environment so as to maintain a balanced state (homeostasis)
regulation (sensitivity)
Reproductive system, the ability of an organism to produce offspring with similar characteristics (This is essential for species as opposed to individual survival)
reproduction
The basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
cells
Special cells – grouped according to function, shape, size, and structure
tissues
Tissues form larger functional and structural units.
organs
A grouping of organs together because more than one is needed to perform a function. One example is the digestive system composed of the teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
organ system
Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions
metabolism
Building up of complex materials from simpler ones such as food and oxygen
anabolism
Breaking down and changing of complex substances into simpler ones, with a release of energy and carbon dioxide
catabolism
- Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits
- Essential to survival
- Works on a negative feedback system
- Imbalance results in disease
Homeostasis
Ana
apart
-tom
cutting
-y
process of
ana/tom/y
process of cutting apart; study of body parts by dissection
-ology
study of
bio
life
physio
nature
physi/ology
study of nature or natural function of body
ante
in front of
anter/ior
in the front
poster
behind
poster/ior
in back of
super
above
super/ior
above a part
infer
below
infer/ior
below a part
-al
pertaining to
caud
tail
caud/al
pertaining to the tail
crani
skull
crani/al
pertaining to the skull
dist
distant
dist/al
pertaining to a distant part
dors
back
dors/al
pertaining to the back
later
side
later/al
pertaining to the side
medi
middle
medi/al
pertaining to the middle
proxim
near
proxim/al
pertaining to the nearness or close
ventr
belly, front side
ventr/al
pertaining to the belly or front side
- Measurements for length, weight, and volume
- A decimal system
- Based on the power of ten
- Uses prefixes such as centi-, milli-, and micro-
- Lengths measured in meters
- Weights measured in grams
- Volumes measured in liters
Metric System
