Cells Flashcards
Name the parts (4) of the nucleus.
- Nucleolus
- Chromatin
- Nuclear pores
- Nuclear envelop
Structure (5) of the plasma membrane?
- ‘Fluid mosaic model’
- Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic head on outside and hydrophobic tails protected inside
- Proteins in membranes
- Cholesterol attaches to prevent solidification in cool temperatures
- Carbohydrates attach
Function of the plasma membrane?
- Compartmentalises interior cells and inside organelles
- Controls what exists and enters organelle or cell
Name the parts (7) of Mitochondrion?
- Matrix
- Crista
- Ribosomes
- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane
- Loop of DNA
- Fluid filled space
Function of the Mitochondrion?
- Makes energy available for the cell
- Use organic compounds (glucose) to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) uses in cells for energy
- very active cells will have higher amount of this
Structure of the Mitochondrion?
Matrix: creates proteins (enzymes), contains DNA for coding proteins, enzymes for Kreb’s cycle
Double Membrane; inner- semipermeable to maintain conditions for enzymes, Outer- permeable to small molecules
What does the inner membrane of the Mitochondrion allow to leave and enter?
- takes in pyrovic acid and oxygen to leave
- releases carbon dioxide and ATP
Endosymbiotic theory…
Mitochondria; once individual prokaryotic cells, (since they contain their own DNA), then were engulfed by larger prokaryotes
- developed symbiotic relationship where larger cells benefitted from em every releases from Mitochondrion
What are peroxisomes?
Type of vesicle; breaks down poisons using oxygen
What are lysosomes?
- Type of vesicle which; uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down dead cells and foreign matter
- break down pathogens phagocytic cells
Centrioles…
Near the nucleus;
- part of cell division by organising the chromosomes correctly
Structure and function (4) of ribosomes?
- Protein synthesis
- Contains large and small ‘subunit’
- mRNA binding site for translation
- Moves along mRNA for decoding and polypeptide synthesis
Function of nuclear envelop?
- protects DNA
Function of nuclear pores?
- allows entry and exit of substances
E.g nucleotides
Nucleoplasm function?
- chromatin granules that condense to form chromosomes during division
- contains nucleoli
Function of the Nucleolus?
- produces; ribosomes, coenzymes, nucleotides, proteins and RNA molecules
Structure and function of Golgi apparatus?
- layered stacks with vesicles
- packages proteins and modifies and sends them to specific parts of the cells
Structure and function of SER? (4)
- no ribosome
- interconnected tubes
- production of lipids and carbohydrates that contribute to surface membrane
- produces steroids
Structure and function of RER?
- contains ribosome attached
- works with ribosome to create protein to be transported across cell
function of chloroplast?
- where photosynthetic reactions take place
- contains chlorophyll which absorbs light
Name the parts (11) of an animal eukaryotic cell.
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosome
- Lysosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- Cell surface membrane
- Vesicles
- Centrioles
Structure and function of cytoskeleton
- microfilaments and microtubules
- holds shape of cell
- helps movement inside the cell
- keeps organelle in place
- transportation of vesicles
- makes up centrioles and spindle fibres
Parts of a prokaryotic cell
- plasmid DNA
- Plasmid membrane
- DNA (chromosomal)
- Mesosomes
- cytoplasm
- cell wall
- capsule
- ribosome
- flagellum
Function of nucleus
- coded genetic info
- synthesises protein
- dna and protein histories form chromatin
Vesicles
- single membrane with fluid inside
- transports materials around cell
Microfilaments
- fibrous protein actin
- cell movement and contraction; cytokinesis
Microtubules
- globular Tubulidentata proteins
- determines shape of cell
- spindle fibres
- track for material transportation
Chloroplast
- site for photosynthesis
- double membranes
Diameter of eukaryotic cells
- 20-40 micrometers
Diameter of prokaryotes
- 0.5-5 micrometers
Diameters of ribosomes for both type of cells
- prokaryotes; 18nm
- eukaryotes; 22nm
How is DNA found in both types of cells
- prokaryotes; free and naked and plasmid DNA
- eukaryotes; bound to histones to form chromatin
Cell wall
- cellulose
- gives plants shape
- rigid, defends mechanism for plants; protection from pathogens
Need for compartmentalisation in cells and examples
- separates incompatible reactions
- anabolic and catabolic require different conditions
- prevents damage from hydrolytic enzymes
- eg nucleus, vesicles, lysosomes
