Carbohydrates Flashcards
Examples (3) of monosaccharides
Glucose- reactant in respiration, product of broken down carbohydrates
Fructose- found in fruits + nectar, very soluble,
Galactose- not very soluble, forms glycolipids and glycoproteins
What are the four main macromolecules?
- Glycogen
- Chitin
- Cellulose
- Starch
What are structural isomers?
Same molecular formula of a molecule but a different structural layout
Eg alpha and beta layout
Straight chain and ring layout
Give examples (2) of pentose sugars;
- Ribose
- Deoxyribose
What are disaccharides and give examples;
- two simple monosaccharides chemically joined
- maltose
- sucrose
- lactose
Describe maltose;
- two glucose monosaccharides
- alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
Describe sucrose;
- glucose and fructose chemically joined
- alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
Describe lactose;
- galactose and glucose bond
- beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
How ate disaccharides created?
- condensation reaction, water is removed
- leave an oxygen conjunction between the two molecules
What are organic substances and name the four main groups;
- substances that contain all; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- carbohydrate
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars;
What does ‘amphipathic’ mean?
Having on hydrophilic and one hydrophobic end
Name the 9 main elements in the human body
Oxygen-
Carbon-
Hydrogen-
Nitrogen-
Calcium-
Phosphorus-
Potassium
Sulphur
Sodium
What elements make nucleic acids
- carbon
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- hydrogen
- phosphorus
Test for simple sugars (reducing sugars)?
-Benedict’s test
- copper (II) sulphate (blue solution in alkali conditions)
reduced to copper oxide (brick red) - electrons are gained
Empirical formula of carbohydrates?
CnH2nOn
Test for nucleotides/ nucleic acids
- after hydrolysis, positive Benedict’s test
Test for lipids?
- emulsion test
- dissolves in ethanol, when added to water are in droplets due to ethanol being miscible with water
- milky white appearance on
Amino acid and protein composition
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sometimes sulphur
Describe starch’s structure
- 30% amylose
- 70% amylopectin
Amylose; helical unbranched, alpha glucose (1200-1500 units), 1-4 glycosidic bond
Amylopectin; branched, 200,000 glucose units, 1-6 glycosidic bond in branched chains
Describe cellulose’s structures
- unbranched,
- beta glucose
- 1-4 glycosidic
- weak hydrogen bonding between chains
- glucose molecule rotates every 180
Describe the structure of glycogen
- branched every 8-12 units,
1-6 glycosidic bonds
- alpha glucose
Describe the structure of steroids
- 3, 6 carbon rings
- a 5 carbon ring
