Cells Flashcards
specialized structures within the cytoplasm
organelles
what is the cell interior surrounded by
plasma membrane
explain what the plasma membrane functions are
-outer boundary of cell
-made of thin 2 layered membrane of phospholipids, cholestrol and protein
-water repelling lipid boundary separates extracellular fluid (ECF) outside the cell from intracellular fluid (ICF) inside the fluid
-proteins are in cell membrane and help in transport
what is the fluid that fills the inside of the cell?
cytoplasm
what is internal framework of cells and provides support and movement of cells and organelles and is made of filaments and microtubules?
Cytoskeleton
What is made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA, may function free in the cytoplasm or attached yo rough ER and manufactures protein?
Ribosomes
what is the
-Network of connecting membraneous sacs and canals
-carries substances through fluid cytoplasm
-rough ER–with ribosomes attached, collects folds and transports proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
what is a
–group of flattened membranous sacs near nucleus
-collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane
-its called the chemical processing and packaging center
Golgi apparatus
What is
-composed of inner and outer membraneus sacs
-involved with energy releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
-often called power plant of the cell
-Each contains one DNA molecule
Mitochondria
What is
-Membraneous organelles- saclike
-contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules
-have protective function (destroys microbes)
-may assist with apoptosis (cell death)
Lysosomes
vesicles containing enzymes that metabolize lipids and detoxify toxins
peroxisomes
small hollow cylinders that break apart irregular or misfolded proteins
Proteasomes
region of cytoplasm near nucleus that contain centrioles and act as a microtubule organizing center , coordinating internal movements and organizing the cytoskeleton
centrosome
paired organelles that lie at the right angles to each other near the nucleus and function in cell reproduction by sorting chromosomes
centrioles
what is
-a cell extension, short finger like, extensions of the plasma membrane
-increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell
microvilli
what is
-a cell extension, fine, hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surface of cells
-move in wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface
Cilia
what is
-a cell extension, single projections much longer than cilia
-act as tails in sperm cells in humans
Flagella
what
-controls cell because it contains DNA , gives instructions to make protein
-its structures include nuclear envelope, neucleolus, nucleoplasm and chromatin
-DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division
-Each cell (except egg and sperm) has 46 chromosomes
Nucleus
what form of transport does not require the cell to expend energy?
passive transport
what form of transport requires the cell to expend energy from ATP?
Active transport
Diffusion, Osmosis, Dialysis and filtration are forms of what transport?
passive transport
ion pumps, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, endocytosis and exocytosis are what forms of transport?
active transport
what form of transport is this
-substances scatter themselves throughout an available space, from high to low
-particles may move through a permeable membrane to reach equilibrium of solution
-semi permiable membranes have pores that only allow small particles to pass through
-selectively permeable membranes have channels and carriers that only allow certain substances to pass through
Diffusion
what form of transport is this
-passive movement of water molecules when some solutes cannot cross the permeable membrane
-water moves in a direction that produces equilibrium by diluting concentrated solutes that cannot pass through the membrane
Osmosis
what form of transport is this
-some solutes move passively across a semi permeable membrane by diffusion and other do not, creates uneven disrtribtion
used in medical procedures to get rid of the waste in blood
Dialysis
what form of transport is this
-passive movement of water and solutes through a semipermeable membrane
caused by hydrostatic pressure higher on one side of the membrane
-particles move from high to low hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
what is
-a complex in cell membrane
-uses ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients
-eg: sodium potassium pump, calcium pump
work with other carriers so that glucose or amino acids are transported along with ions
Ion pumps
This form of transport engulfs material from outside the cell by forming a vesicle and is a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria
Phagocytosis
This form of transport similarly uses a vesicle to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells
pinocytosis
This form of transport takes material into cells by forming a transport vesicle at plasma membrane
Endocytosis
The process by which cells release large molecules and waste products from their cytoplasm to the outside of the cell
exocytosis
what determines the structure and function of cells?
protein
What is the process of making protein using DNA, RNA and ribosomes?
protein synthesis
what
-make up 46 chromosomes contained in a cell nucleus
-has a sequence of specific base pairs that indirectly determine a cells structure and function
-genes direct formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes
-large molecule shaped like a spiral staircase, sugar and phosphate units compose sides of the molecule and complemetary base pairs adenine-thyminecompose the steps
DNA
what
-molecules are made from genes that do not code directly for proteins
-they regulate cell processes such as protein synthesis
-subunits are made up of nucleotides but have ribose as their sugar and have base uracil instead of thimine
RNA
messenger RNA, transcribed working copy of one gene
mRNA
ribosomal RNA, component of ribosome
rRNA
transfer RNA, carries specific amino acid to its location on a ribosome during translation
tRNA
what is the process of making protein in a cell, occurs in cytoplasm. it involves the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides, which are then folded into functional proteins
photo synthesis
What are the steps of photo synthesis
1: transcriptopn
DNA is copied into mRNAin the nucleus
2:mRNA processing
The mRNA transcript is modified
3:mRNA export
mRNA is transported from nucleus to cytoplasm
4:Translatiom
mRNA used to synthesize proteins
5:Protein folding
The protein is shaped into its form
This includes reproduction of cell involving divison of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
cell life cycle
DNA replication, This is a process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule, when does this occur?
during interphase
Period of life when the cell is functioning and may be preparing for mitosis but not actively dividing
interface
process in cell division that distributes identical nuclear chromosomes (DNA molecules)to each new cell formed when the original cell divides
Mitosis
what are the stages of mitosis
1:prophase
2:metaphase
3:anaphase
4:telophase
5:cell division ends as offspring cells become fully functional and enter interphase
what are the results of cell division?
a: two identical cells
b: Differentiation - process by which offspring cells can form tissue
c: uncontrolled cell reproduction can form benign or malignant neoplasms
during this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes move away from the center of the center
anaphase
During this stage of the stage cycle, the DNA in the nucleus replicates
interface
During this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell
metaphase
During this stage of mitosis, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes
prophase
During this stage of mitosis cell division is complete and nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear
Telophase
Organelles which are digestive bags
lysosomes
organelles flattened sacs that process molecules
golgi apparatus
diffusion of water from lower concentration to higher
osmosis
a process that allows a cell to take in fluid and dissolved substances (drinking of cells)
pinocytosis
pinocytosis
cell drinking, active process, means requires energy
chromatin becomes chromosomes during what phase?
prophase
explain red blood cells in hypotonic and hypertonic solution
hypotonic: will bloat up and may explode
hypertonic: will shrink and shrivel
Protein synthesis involves 2 processes name and explain them
1: Transcription
genetic information from DNA is copied into mRNA
2:Translation
mRNA is read by ribosomes, folds into functional proteinrgtfde
Tiny filtering units in the kidneys that remove waste from the blood and create urine
Nephrones
the process by which cells eat other cells, its the immune systems defence against microbes
phagocytosis
Adipose and Areolar are examples of what kind of tissues
connective
which tissue forms a continuous sheet
epithelial
which tissue covers most organs
epithelial
glands are made of what type of tissue
epithelial
which of these fibers found in the matrix gives ability to stretch
elastin
this type of tissue allows rapid communication between structures
Nervous tissue
Flat and single layer allows diffusion to occur
simple squamous
another name for smooth muscl
visceral
what occurs at ribosomes, transcription or translation?
translation
MYO means
muscle
medical term for throat
pharyngeallop
