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Anatomy > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

specialized structures within the cytoplasm

A

organelles

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2
Q

what is the cell interior surrounded by

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

explain what the plasma membrane functions are

A

-outer boundary of cell
-made of thin 2 layered membrane of phospholipids, cholestrol and protein
-water repelling lipid boundary separates extracellular fluid (ECF) outside the cell from intracellular fluid (ICF) inside the fluid
-proteins are in cell membrane and help in transport

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4
Q

what is the fluid that fills the inside of the cell?

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

what is internal framework of cells and provides support and movement of cells and organelles and is made of filaments and microtubules?

A

Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

What is made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA, may function free in the cytoplasm or attached yo rough ER and manufactures protein?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

what is the
-Network of connecting membraneous sacs and canals
-carries substances through fluid cytoplasm
-rough ER–with ribosomes attached, collects folds and transports proteins

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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8
Q

what is a
–group of flattened membranous sacs near nucleus
-collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane
-its called the chemical processing and packaging center

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

What is
-composed of inner and outer membraneus sacs
-involved with energy releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
-often called power plant of the cell
-Each contains one DNA molecule

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

What is
-Membraneous organelles- saclike
-contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules
-have protective function (destroys microbes)
-may assist with apoptosis (cell death)

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

vesicles containing enzymes that metabolize lipids and detoxify toxins

A

peroxisomes

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12
Q

small hollow cylinders that break apart irregular or misfolded proteins

A

Proteasomes

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13
Q

region of cytoplasm near nucleus that contain centrioles and act as a microtubule organizing center , coordinating internal movements and organizing the cytoskeleton

A

centrosome

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14
Q

paired organelles that lie at the right angles to each other near the nucleus and function in cell reproduction by sorting chromosomes

A

centrioles

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15
Q

what is
-a cell extension, short finger like, extensions of the plasma membrane
-increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell

A

microvilli

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16
Q

what is
-a cell extension, fine, hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surface of cells
-move in wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface

A

Cilia

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17
Q

what is
-a cell extension, single projections much longer than cilia
-act as tails in sperm cells in humans

A

Flagella

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18
Q

what
-controls cell because it contains DNA , gives instructions to make protein
-its structures include nuclear envelope, neucleolus, nucleoplasm and chromatin
-DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division
-Each cell (except egg and sperm) has 46 chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

what form of transport does not require the cell to expend energy?

A

passive transport

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20
Q

what form of transport requires the cell to expend energy from ATP?

A

Active transport

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21
Q

Diffusion, Osmosis, Dialysis and filtration are forms of what transport?

A

passive transport

22
Q

ion pumps, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, endocytosis and exocytosis are what forms of transport?

A

active transport

23
Q

what form of transport is this
-substances scatter themselves throughout an available space, from high to low
-particles may move through a permeable membrane to reach equilibrium of solution
-semi permiable membranes have pores that only allow small particles to pass through
-selectively permeable membranes have channels and carriers that only allow certain substances to pass through

A

Diffusion

24
Q

what form of transport is this
-passive movement of water molecules when some solutes cannot cross the permeable membrane
-water moves in a direction that produces equilibrium by diluting concentrated solutes that cannot pass through the membrane

A

Osmosis

25
Q

what form of transport is this
-some solutes move passively across a semi permeable membrane by diffusion and other do not, creates uneven disrtribtion
used in medical procedures to get rid of the waste in blood

A

Dialysis

26
Q

what form of transport is this
-passive movement of water and solutes through a semipermeable membrane
caused by hydrostatic pressure higher on one side of the membrane
-particles move from high to low hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

27
Q

what is
-a complex in cell membrane
-uses ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients
-eg: sodium potassium pump, calcium pump
work with other carriers so that glucose or amino acids are transported along with ions

A

Ion pumps

28
Q

This form of transport engulfs material from outside the cell by forming a vesicle and is a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

29
Q

This form of transport similarly uses a vesicle to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells

A

pinocytosis

30
Q

This form of transport takes material into cells by forming a transport vesicle at plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

31
Q

This form of transportexpels material from cell by internal vesicle fusing with plasma membrane

A
32
Q

what determines the structure and function of cells?

A

protein

33
Q

What is directed by two nucleic acids DNA and RNA?

A

protein synthesis

34
Q

what
-make up 46 chromosomes contained in a cell nucleus
-has a sequence of specific base pairs that indirectly determine a cells structure and function
-genes direct formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes
-large molecule shaped like a spiral staircase, sugar and phosphate units compose sides of the molecule and complemetary base pairs adenine-thyminecompose the steps

A

DNA

35
Q

what
-molecules are made from genes that do not code directly for proteins
-they regulate cell processes such as protein synthesis
-subunits are made up of nucleotides but have ribose as their sugar and have base uracil instead of thimine

A

RNA

36
Q

messenger RNA, transcribed working copy of one gene

A

mRNA

37
Q

ribosomal RNA, component of ribosome

A

rRNA

38
Q

transfer RNA, carries specific amino acid to its location on a ribosome during translation

A

tRNA

39
Q

what is the process of making protein in a cell, occurs in cytoplasm. it involves the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides, which are then folded into functional proteins

A

photo synthesis

40
Q

What are the steps of photo synthesis

A

1: transcriptopn
DNA is copied into mRNAin the nucleus
2:mRNA processing
The mRNA transcript is modified
3:mRNA export
mRNA is transported from nucleus to cytoplasm
4:Translatiom
mRNA used to synthesize proteins
5:Protein folding
The protein is shaped into its form

41
Q

This includes reproduction of cell involving divison of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

A

cell life cycle

42
Q

DNA replication, This is a process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule, when does this occur?

A

during interphase

43
Q

Period of life when the cell is functioning and may be preparing for mitosis but not actively dividing

A

interface

44
Q

process in cell division that distributes identical nuclear chromosomes (DNA molecules)to each new cell formed when the original cell divides

A

Mitosis

45
Q

what are the stages of mitosis

A

1:prophase
2:metaphase
3:anaphase
4:telophase
5:cell division ends as offspring cells become fully functional and enter interphase

46
Q

what are the results of cell division?

A

a: two identical cells
b: Differentiation - process by which offspring cells can form tissue
c: uncontrolled cell reproduction can form benign or malignant neoplasms

47
Q

during this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes move away from the center of the center

A

anaphase

48
Q

During this stage of the stage cycle, the DNA in the nucleus replicates

A

interface

49
Q

During this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell

A

metaphase

50
Q

During this stage of mitosis, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes

A

prophase

51
Q

During this stage of mitosis cell division is complete and nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear

A

Telophase

Anatomy (8 decks)

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