Anatomy Quiz 3 Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
-Supports and gives shape to the body
-protects internal organs
-hematopoiesis
-fat storage
-detoxification
-supporting the endocrine system
What mineral does the skeletal system store?
Stores calcium
What are these 2 calcitonin ( CT) and parathyroid hormone ( PTH))?
These are hormones that regulate calcium storage
This hormones reduce calcium in the blood and store it in the bone
Calcitonin
This hormones release calcium to the blood
Parathyroid hormone
Muscles are attaches to bones via ?
Tendons
When muscle contracts it pulls on?
It pulls on the bone it is attached to
When a muscle contracts it pulls on the bone it is attached to and this force causes the bone to?
Move at the joint and allow movements like bending lifting or rotating
What is the process of making blood cells in the body called?
Hematopoiesis
Where does hematopoiesis mainly take place?
In the bone marrow, which is the soft tissue inside bones
What does the bone marrow produce?
- red blood cells ( carry oxygen)
- white blood cells ( fight infections)
- platelets ( help with blood clotting)
Red blood cells also known as ?
Erythrocytes
White blood cells also known as ?
Leukocytes
Platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes
Where are erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes found?
Found in flat bones and end of long bones
What is yellow bone marrow?
Is a type of bone marrow that is mostly made of fat cells
What is the purpose of yellow bone marrow?
It serves as an energy reserve
Can yellow bone marrow turn to red bone marrow and vice versa?
If the body need more blood then yellow turns to red and if body needs more fat in the bones then red turns to yellow
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
In the long bones
Can bones absorb toxins?
Bones can absorb heavy metals and other toxins from the blood helping protect other organs
Which hormone does bones release that plays a role in regulating blood sugar and fat deposition, linking skeletal health to metabolic homeostasis ( endocrine system)
Osteocalcin secretion
How many bones in body?
206
What are the different types of bones in the body?
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid ( round) bone
Examples of flat bones?
(Flat bones are thin and broad)
-pelvis
-sternum
-ribs
-skull
What are all the long bones in the human body?
Humerus ( upper arm)
Radius ( forearm thumb side)
Ulna ( forearm, pinky side)
Metacarpals ( bones in the hand)
Phalanges ( fingers and toes)
Femur (thigh bone)
Tibia ( shin bone larger)
Fibula ( smaller lower leg bone)
Metatarsals ( bones in the foot)
Examples of short bones?
Wrist (carpals)
Ankle (tarsals)
What kind of bone is this?
Specialized bones located within tendons, usually flat, small, oval shaped, gives tendons a mechanical advantage
Sesamoid bone
What’s an example of a Sesamoid bone?
Patella
What are these functions of?
1: Protects the knee joint from injury
2: improves movement ( by acting like a pulley increasing the force of the quad muscle
3: reduces friction between the thigh muscles and the knee joint
Patella
What are examples of irregular bone?
- vertebrae
- sacrum
What is this called?
- both end of long bones
- red bone marrow cavities
- contains the spongy bone
Epiphysis
What is this?
During childhood and adolescence- composed of cartilage cells that actively divide for growth but as the person matures ( usually after puberty) the cartilage in the hardens into bone and a line is formed that marks where growth used to happen
Epiphyseal line ( growth plate)
This is the shaft or main part of the long bone. It is the long central portion of the bone located between the two ends ( the epiphyses)
-medullary cavity
-hollow tube of hard compact bone
-contains yellow bone marrow
Diaphysis ( shaft)
This covers epiphysis and functions as a cushion?
Articular cartilage
This is a strong membrane covering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces
Periosteum
-This is a thin membrane that lines the inner parts of the bone like the medullary cavity
- it contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts which are important for bone growth, repair and remodeling
Endosteum
This is a dense and strong bone made of osteons, found in the cortex of the bones, ideal for support and protection
Compact bone
This bone is lighter and porous made of trabeculae, found in the epiphyses ( end of long bones) in the body of the vertebrae/in the core of flat bones ( eg ribs) suited for shock absorption and blood cell production
Spongy bone ( cancellous bone)
What are small mesh like structures of spongy bone tissue found inside bones. They form a network of thin plates or rods that help make bones lighter but still strong
Trabeculae
What happens when your bones sense low pH levels in the blood?
They increase calcium release to buffer the acidity
This refers to the spongy bone found between the two hard layers of compact bone in flat bones like the skull, sternum, and ribs
Diploe
These are mature bone cells that help maintain the bone structure. They live inside small spaces in the bone and keep the bone healthy.
They maintain the bone tissue and are crucial for the exchange of nutrients and waste.
Osteocytes
These are bone forming cells that produce the bone matrix. They are found in the bone surface, where they secrete collagen and minerals to build new bone tissue. Once trapped in the matrix they e secreted they become osteocytes
Osteoblasts
These are large multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption ( breaking down bone tissue). They release enzymes and acids that dissolve bone minerals, playing a key role in bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis
Osteoclasts
What is a chondrocyte?
It’s a cartilage cell
These are the only type of cells in cartilage tissue, which is a flexible, supportive tissue found in joints, ears, nose and other areas
Chondrocytes
Its matrix is gel like and lacks blood vessels?
Cartilage
This is a process by which cartilage is gradually replaced by bone to form the majority of the skeleton. This is the way most bones, like the long bones develop
Endochondral ossification
What is early bone development ( before birth) consist of?
Cartilage and fibrous structures
When does this happen “ osteoblasts form new bone, and osteoclasts transport bone, osteocytes are inactive osteoblasts”
This is during early bone development
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
1: cartilage template (a cartilage model of the bone forms)
2: bone collar formation ( osteoblasts, which are bone building cells start forming a thin bone collar around the cartilage)
3: blood vessels invade ( blood vessels bring in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts start turning the cartilage into bone and osteoclasts break down old cartilage and bone to make space
4: medullary cavity forms ( the center of the bone begins to hollow out, forming a medullary cavity ( bone marrow space) as osteoclasts break down tissue
5: end of bone epiphysis forms ( osteoblasts start forming bone in the ends of the cartilage
6: growth plate ( the growth plate stays allowing it to grow longer
7: bone fully forms and epiphyseal line appears and bones cannot grow anymore
This is the first vertebrae in the neck, shaped like a ring, it supports the skull and allow head to move up and down
Atlas (C1)
This is the second vertebrae in the neck, directly below the atlas, it fits into the ring of the atlas and allows the head to turn side to side
Axis (C2)
How many ribs do we have and break it down
12 ribs
7 pairs of true ribs
3 of false ribs
2 pairs of floating ribs
What are the 3 parts the sternum is composed of?
1: upper part manubrium
2: middle part the body/mesosternum
3: lower part the xiphoid process
Deep and narrow would be male or female pelvis?
Male
Broad and shallow would be male or female pelvis?
Female
What is another name for articulations?
Joints
Every bone connects to atleast one other bone except for?
The hyoid ( which anchors the tongue)
What type of joints are synarthrosis?
These are immovable joints example: sutures in the skull
What kind of joints are amphiarthrosis?
These joints allow for limited movement example: pubic symphasis
What kind of joint is diarthrosis?
These are freely movable joints example : knee, elbow, and shoulder joint
Examples of freely movable joints?
( diarthrotic/synovial joint)
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Condyloid
These joints allow movement in multiple directions and rotation example: shoulder and hip joints
Ball and socket joint
These joints allow for flexing and extension similar to the movement of a hinge door example: elbow and knee joints
Hinge joints
These joints allow for rotational movement around a single axis example: atlas and axis
Pivot joints
These joints allow for movement in two directions ( back and forth and side to side) example: the thumb joint
Saddle joints
These joints allow for movement in two planes but not rotation example: the wrist joint
Condyloid joints
These joints allow for sliding or gliding movements between flat bone surfaces example: the joints between the carpal bones of the wrist
Gliding joints
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles differ in?
Location, cell structure and innervation
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles similarity?
-excitable (react to stimulus)
-contract (cells shorten)
-extensibility (cells stretch)
-elastic (recoil/bounce back)
-These muscles attach to bone/skin (face)
- they are voluntary
Skeletal muscles
-These muscles help maintain posture and stabilize joints
- generate heat as byproduct
Skeletal muscles
This is a connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle tissue
Epimysium
This connective tissue separates the muscle into fascicles
Perimysium
This is a bundle of muscle fibers
Fascicle
This is a muscle cell or myocyte
Muscle fiber
Myocyte is surrounded by a smaller connective tissue cover called the?
Endomysium
Epimysium, perimysium and Endomysium. Together these 3 layers of connective tissue extending the muscle belly, and become the tough for like?
Tendon
These are long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei located just below the cell membrane (sarcolemma)
Myoocytes
The sarcolemma makes tiny tunnels that project downwards from the surface into the center of the muscle fiber called?
Transverse tubules ( T tubules)
The cytpoplasm of a myocyte is called?
Sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasm contains smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is called?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
This stores lots of calcium and runs parallel to the T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasm is filled with stacks of long filaments called?
Myofibrils
Each myofibril has thin ……… filaments and thick ……. Filaments that don’t extend through the entire length of the myocyte, but instead they’re arranged into shorter segments called ……….
Actin
Myosin
Sacromeres
Each myocyte is made of hundreds of ……….., and under a microscope, the thick myosin filaments look ……., while the thin actin filaments look ……….. This is why skeletal muscles look striated or striped
Sacromeres
Dark
Light
Motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter ……….. onto the sarcolemma.
Acetylcholine
When motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto the sarcolemma, this causes rapid shifts in ions to occurs across the sarcolemma and down the ……….. which brings some …….. into the myocyte. Once that happens the Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases its own calcium into the ………
T tubules
Calcium
Sarcoplasm
What is action potential of a myocyte?
Is the electrical signal that controls the contraction and relaxation of the heart
Explain action potential of myocyte stage 1 (resting phase)
- the heart muscle cell is at rest
-inside the myocyte is very negative (-90) compared to outside
-sodium potassium pump keeps more sodium outside and more potassium inside
Explain action potential of myocyte stage 2. ( depolarization)
- a signal from SA node ( hearts pacemaker) arrives
- fast sodium channels open and sodium rushes in
-the inside of the cell becomes positive (20)
Explain action potential of myocyte stage 3. ( initial repolarization)
-sodium channels close quickly
-some potassium channels open letting potassium out
- the cell becomes slightly negative
Explain action potential of myocyte stage 4 (plateau phase)
-calcium channels open allowing calcium to enter
-at the same time potassium is leaving
-this balances the charge keeping the voltage steady
-calcium triggers muscle contraction making the heart pump blood
Explain action potential of myocyte
Stage 5 repolarization (resting for next beat)
-calcium channels close
-more potassium channels open so potassium rushes out
-the cell becomes negative again returning to -90
-the muscle relaxes getting ready for the next beat
Muscle getting shorter
Concentric
Muscle getting longer
Eccentric
These are specialized connections between heart muscle cells, they help the heart work as a single coordinated unit by holding cells together
Intercalated disks
Intercalated discs role in action potential
-Gap junction within intercalated discs act like electrical bridges between cardiac cells
-ions like sodium and potassium flow quickly through these gap junctions, spreading the action potential from one cell to another
-this allows the heart muscle to contract as a unit rather than as individual cells
Explain aerobic respiration
-Uses oxygen
-in the mitochondria
-longest work/time
- minutes to hours
- lowest power
-uses glucose or fat
-byproduct CO2 + H2O
-endurance ( jogging, walking)
Explain anaerobic pathway ( that uses glycolic-lactic acid)
-no oxygen needed
-in the cytoplasm
-30 sec-2 minutes
-Byproduct is lactic acid/pain
-low/decent work / time
- high power
-running
-uses glycogen
Explain anaerobic that uses ATP-PC, it’s A-lactic
-no oxygen or glycogen
-in the cytoplasm
-uses phosphate creatine
-PC = ATP
-lowest work
-10-15 seconds
-highest power
-explosive power
Sprinting
Red fibers/muscle
-slow twitch
-Built for endurance
-red because they have a lot of oxygen
-slow but steady like a marathon runner
-do not get tired easily great for long lasting activities
White fibers/muscle
-fast twitch
-built for power
-white because they have less oxygen
-uses sugar (glucose) for fast energy
-very fast and powerful but can’t last long like a sprinter
-get tired quickly
-This is a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) that helps nerves communicate with muscles and other nerves
-it is released by the nerves at the neuromuscular junction (where nerves meet muscles)
-it tells muscles to contract
- without this muscles wouldn’t move
Acetylcholine ACH
Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the ……… to trigger muscle contraction
Sarcolemma
Explain muscle contraction
-T- tubules ( carry the signal inside the muscle)
-Sarcoplasmic reticulum ( stores and releases calcium)
-calcium( unlocks the muscle for movement)
-troponin & tropomyosin ( blocks actin until calcium tells them to move) basically calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin and exposing actin
-actin ( gets pulled by myosin)
-myosin (pulls the actin)
-ATP ( helps myosin pull and reset)
Explain the difference between power hypertrophy and endurance
Power
-1-6 RM
-improving the brain ability
-to utilize more motor units
Hypertrophy
-6-12 RM
-making muscle bigger
-more white parts (fibers)
Endurance
- 12+ RM
-improving the muscle
-O2 carrying ability
-more red parts (mitochondria)
What ion is abundant outside the cell?
Na+ sodium
What ion is abundant inside the cell?
K+ potassium
What happens during the plateau phase during action potential?
It’s when calcium enters the cell, at the same time potassium is leaving the cell
This is the basic unit of muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It is the smallest functional part of a muscle fiber and is responsible for the muscles ability to contract and produce movement
Sacromeres
Which muscles have sacromeres?
Skeletal and cardiac
What’s the strongest contraction? Second strongest and the least strongest
Strongest is eccentric
Second Is isometric
Least Is concentric
-This is the main muscle that creates movement by contracting
-it shortens to produce motion
Agonist eg: biceps brachii ( contracts to lift the weight
This is the muscle that relaxes while the agonist contracts
Antagonist eg: triceps (relaxes when the biceps curl)
This muscle helps the agonist by adding strength or stability
Synergist. Eg: brachialis (helps the biceps curl)
What muscle does horizontal extension in the shoulder?
Posterior deltoid
If the muscle is used for endurance posture or slow movements eg soles, quads, abs, erector spinae, rear deltoid, forearm
Slow twitch
These muscles are used for short, powerful movements like sprinting lifting and jumping. Eg: hamstrings, gastrocnemius, glutes, shear, back(latissimus dorsi, trapezius, rhomboids), front and side deltoid, biceps and triceps
Fast twitch
The muscle generates tension without changing its length eg: holding a plank
Isometric contraction
The muscle changes length while maintaining constant tension
Isotonic contraction
The muscle shortens while contracting eg: lifting a dumbbell ina bicep curl
Concentric contraction
The muscle lengthens while contracting eg: lowering the dumbbell in a bicep curl
Eccentric contraction
What are 2 types of isotonic contraction
Concentric and eccentric
What produces most of the heat required to maintain normal body temperature?
Contraction of muscle fibers
Decreases an angle
Flextion
Increases an angle
Extension
Away from the midline
Abduction
Toward the midline
Adduction
Flexes the arm from
The elbow
Biceps
Flexes the arm from the shoulder joint forward
Pectoralis major
Extends the arm
Latissimus dorsi ( assists in shoulder extension
Flexes the shoulder
Deltoid anterior
Extends the shoulder
Deltoid posterior
Flexes the elbow
Biceps brachii
Extends the elbow
Triceps brachii
Flexes the spine
Rectus abdominus
Extends the spine
Erector spinae
Flexes the hip
Iliopsoas
Extends the hip
Gluteus maximus
Extends the hip
Gluteus Maximus
Extends the knee
Quads
Flexes the knee
Hamstrings
Flexes the ankle
Tibialis anterior
Extends the ankle
Gastronemius and soleus
This is also called cortical bone.
-It is strong and dense
-provides strength and support
-made of tightly packed osteons
-found in long bones and outer layer of all bones
Compact bone
This bone is heavy but durable
-supports body weight
-protects internal organs
-can withstand high stress and pressure
Compact bone
This is also called cancellous bone
-it’s porous and light
-has honeycomb like structure with spaces
-makes bones lighter, reducing overall weight
- found in end of long bones and in vertebrae
Spongy bone
This bone
- helps absorb shock (eg jumping running)
-distributes force to prevent fractures
- contains bone marrow red ( produces blood cells) and yellow ( stores fat)
Spongy bone
Explain buffer mechanism of bones ( how bones help maintain pH)
1: bones store calcium and phosphate
2: if your blood gets too acidic ( low pH ) bones release calcium and phosphate into the blood. These minerals neutralize the acid and help raise the pH back to normal
3: if your blood gets too basic ( high pH) bones absorb calcium and phosphate, removing them from the blood. This helps bring the pH back down
Why is this important?
- if bones keep giving away too much calcium they become weak leading to osteoporosis
What’s the primary site for hematopoesis in adults?
- flat bones- pelvis ( most active site in adults ) , sternum ( breastbone), ribs, skull
- irregular bones - vertebrae, scapulae
-ends of long bones ( epiphysis) - femur, humerus
Why these bones?
Because these bones contain red marrow, where blood stem cells ( hematopoietic stem cells) actively produce
Location:
-Found in flat bones
-end of long bones
Primary function:
-hematopoesis ( production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets)
Red due to high number of blood cells and rich blood supply, very active in blood cell production, found in new bones but gradually decreases
Red bone marrow
Location:
- found in the medullary cavity of long bones
Primary function
- fat storage ( energy reserve) and can convert to red marrow in extreme blood loss
Yellow due to high fat content ( adipocytes)
It’s inactive in normal conditions but can be reactivated if needed
- increases with age as red marrow converts to yellow
Yellow bone marrow
Origin vs insertion of a muscle
Origin
- the fixed attachment point where the muscle starts
- usually on a bone that does not move during contraction
-acts as an anchor of the muscle
Insertion
- the point where the muscle attaches and moves
- moves toward the origin when the muscle contracts
Origin and insertion of biceps ( arm flexion)
Origin - scapula (shoulder blade)
Insertion - radius ( forearm bone)
Action - bends ( flexes) the elbow
Origin and insertion of triceps brachii ( arm extension)
Origin - scapula ( shoulder blade)
Insertion - ulna ( forearm bone)
Action - straightens ( extends) the elbow
Origin and insertion of pectoralis major ( chest muscle)
Origin - clavicle, sternum, ribs
Insertion- humerus
Action - moves the arm forward ( flexion) , inward ( adduction)
Origin and insertion of deltoid ( shoulder muscle)
Origin - clavicle and scapula
Insertion - humerus
Action - lifts the arm sideways ( abduction), forward ( flexion) and backward (extension)
Origin and insertion of rectus femoris ( front thigh muscle)
Origin - pelvis
Insertion - tibia
Action - straightens (extends) the knee and helps lift the leg ( hip flexion)
Origin and insertion of gastrocnemius ( calf muscle)
Origin - femur
Insertion - heel bone
Action - points the toes ( plantar flexion) and helps with jumping
This
- stores calcium ions when the muscle is at rest
- it releases calcium ion when a signal for muscle contraction is received
- it pumps calcium back into storage after the contraction ends allowing muscle to relax
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The thin filaments that provide the track for myosin to pull along
Actin
The thick filaments that pull on actin to cause muscle contraction
Myosin
Together they form the sliding filament mechanism where the myosin heads attach to actin perform a power stroke and slide the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere shortening then muscle. This process requires what form of energy?
ATP
Explain calcium = contraction
When calcium is released into the muscle, it helps start the contraction by allowing the myosin to grab onto actin and pull them together. So basically calcium makes the muscle contract
Explain ATP = release
ATP is needed to release the myosin from actin after it pulls. It also helps pump calcium back into storage, which makes the muscle relax
Action potential of heart phase 3 repolarization
- calcium channels close and potassium channels open fully
- potassium moves out of the cell, causing the inside of the cell to become more negative
- the cell repolarizes returning to its resting state
- this allows the heart muscle to relax
This muscle is
-attached to bones
-voluntary
-striated
-multinucleated
-long cylindrical fibers
-its function is movement posture and stability
-its characteristics are rapid contraction, fatigues quickly, elongated fibers
Skeletal muscle
This muscle is
- involuntary
-striated
-single nucleus
-branched fibers
-intercalated discs
-pumps blood
-its characteristics are self regulating, gap junctions
Cardiac muscle
This muscle is
- found in hollow organs eg blood vessels, stomach
-involuntary
-non striated
-Single nucleus
-spindle shaped fibers
-Slow contraction
-controlled by hormones
Smooth muscles
This is found in the right atrium it acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart by generating electrical impulses that regulate the hearts rhythm and initiate each heart beat
SA node ( sinoatrial)
Explain the electrical progression in the heart
1: The SA node starts the heartbeat, it’s located in the right atrium ( top chamber of the heart). It sends an electrical signal that makes the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles ( bottom chambers)
2: The signal then goes to the AV node located where the atria meet the ventricles. It slows down the signal slightly, making sure the atria finish contracting before the ventricles contact
3: After the AV node the signal moves to the bundle of his, which is a pathway that sends the signal down to ventricles
4:,The signal travels through right and left bundle branches to the right and left ventricles
5: The signal spreads out through the purkinje fibers inside the ventricles, making them contract and pump blood to the lungs ( right ventricle) and the rest of the body (left ventricle)
Explain the function of apex and vector
The apex is where the hearts contraction begins ( at the bottom( and the vector is the direction the electrical signals move
These receive signals toward the neuron
Dendrites
These send signals away from the neuron
Axons
