anatomy Flashcards
what is axial skeleton made up of?
its made up of the bones in the neck, head, back and the chest
what is appendicular skeleton made up of?
it is made up of the bones in the limbs, shoulders and pelvis
what is homeostasis?
its the maintenance of a stable equilibrium (basically a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly)
what does the balance of the body functions rely on?
-temperature
-salt content
-PH level
-fluid volume
-pressure
-oxygen concentration
explain the feedback loop
its the body’s general control system
explain negative feedback loop
opposes change in controlled condition
explain positive feedback loop
amplifies occurring change
what is the cardiac system in charge of?
regulates blood flow and ensures oxygen and nutrient delivery
what is the skin in charge of?
temperature regulation and barrier
what is the respiratory system in charge of?
manages oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal to maintain proper blood gas levels
what is the urinary system in charge of
controls fluid balance,electrolytes and waste elimination
what is the digestive system in charge of?
plays a role in nutrient balance and energy balance
what is an atom?
the smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically.each atom has a nucleus (center) made up of protons (positive particles and neutrons (particles with no charge) electrons (negative particles) move around the nucleus
what are valence electrons?
are electrons located in the outermost energy level of an atom
what is the octet rule?
its a rule that states that atoms tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its highest valence level
3 types of chemical bonds
-ionic bond (transfer of electrons)
-covalent bond (sharing of electrons)
-hydrogen bonds (NOF specifically involving nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine)
what is an ionic bond?
strong chemical bond between ions with a positive (cations) electrical charge and those with negative (anions) charge
what are the 2 factors affecting coulombs law
-the number of energy levels - the greater the number of energy levels, the weaker the force of attraction
-number of protons in the nucleus - the greater the number of protons in the nucleus, the stronger the force of attraction.
what is an ion?
an ion isan atom or a molecule with a net positive or negative electrical charge
explain cation
in a positive ion the number of electrons is less than the number of protons, it is called a cation
explain an anion
in a negative ion the number of electrons is greater than the number of protons, it is called anion
what is a covalent bond?
is a chemical bond between two atoms formed by sharing valence electrons. This typically happens between non metals
what is electronegativity?
the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons
what is the differance between polar and non polar
polar compounds have one negative and one positive end.
non polar has an even distribution of electrons, no positive or negative
which one polar or non polar is likes fat or water
polar is hydrophilic and lipophobic
non polar is hydrophobic and lipophilic
hydrophilic (water loving)
lipophilic (fat loving)
how does polarity affect diffusion?
-non polar has high permeability
-polar has low permeability
what is the difference between acids and bases?
acids produce hydrogen ions and bases accept hydrogen ions.
-acids have hydrogen ions H+
-bases have hydroxide ions
OH-
what weakens a covalent bond?
-a larger radius
-a greater differance in electronegativity between atoms
Does a weaker covalent bond make a molecule a stronger acid?
YES, strong acids readily donate a proton
A weaker bond makes it easier to lose H+ ion
NH3 + HCl which one is acid and which one is base?
since chlorine is in the second row of the periodic table and nitrogen is in the first row, the atomic radius of chlorine is greater, so its bond with hydrogen is weaker than nitrogens bond with its hydrogens. therefore HCl is an acid
examples of steroids
estrogen
testastrone
cortisol
2 types of cholestrol
LDL (bad)
HDL (good)
what is the smallest particle of water?
molecule
what does an organic compound have to have?
carbon and hydrogen
explain proteins
built from amino acids, involved in enzyme catalysis, structural support and cell signaling
explain carbohydrates
composed of sugar units. carbs provide energy to cells and can also serve as structural components
explain lipids
primarily made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
explain nucleic acids
built from nucleotides and transmit genetic information with DNA being the primary carrier of genetic code
what are the four major classes of biological macromolecules
-proteins (polymers of amino acids)
-carbohydrates (polymers of sugars)
-ipids (polymers of lipid monomers)
-nucleic acids (DNA and RNA polymers of nucleotides)
what are enzymes
enzymes are proteins
explain supine and prone positions
supine is face up and prone is face down
what is fowlers position
fowlers position is a standard patient position in which the patient is seated in a semi seating position
what is trendelenburg position
in the trendelenburg position, the body is in a supine position , or flaton the back on 15-30 degree incline with feet elevated above the head
what is the reverse trendelenburg position
places the body in supine on an incline but with the head elevated
what is right lateral recumbent and left lateral recumbent position
left is when patient is laying on the left side and right is when patient is laying on the right side , with one hand down and one on their head
explain superior and inferior
-superior is toward the head, upper and above
-toward the feet, lower, below
explain anterior and posterior
-anterior (ventral) is front
-posterior (dorsal) back
explain medial and lateral
-medial is toward the midline of the body
-lateral is toward the side of the body away from midline
explain proximal and distal
-proximal is toward or nearest to the trunk
-distal is away from or farthest from the trunk
explain superficial and deep
-superficial is nearer the body surface
-deep is farther away from the body surface
what are dorsal cavities
-cranial cavity is the space inside the skull that contains the brain
-spinal cavity is the space inside the spinal column
what are ventral cavities
-thoracic cavities: the upper ventral cavities which include the thoracic cavity and its midportion consists of the mediastinum and pleural cavities
abdominopelvic cavities include the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
what is the difference between polar and non polar molecule?
a polar molecule is a molecule where electrons are not shared equally between atoms resulting in a positive and a negative end while a non polar molecule has electrons shared equally between atoms
polar molecule stay outside of the cell membrane unless its water, why?
because the cell membranes interior is primarily composed of hydrophobic (water fearing) lipid tails, which reple water molecules. while water despite being polar, is small enough to occasionally slip through the membrane.
