Cells

Question 1

What are the two main types of cells?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Question 2

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 2

A complex cell that includes all animal and plant cells

Question 3

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 3

A smaller and simpler cell, e.g., bacteria

Question 4

Define eukaryotes.

Answer 4

Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

Question 5

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 5

A single-celled organism made up of a prokaryotic cell

Question 6

What are subcellular structures also known as?

Answer 6

Organelles

Question 7

List the subcellular structures found in most animal cells.

Answer 7

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes

Question 8

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 8

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

Question 9

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 9

A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen

Question 10

What is the role of the cell membrane?

Answer 10

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

Question 11

What occurs in the mitochondria?

Answer 11

Most reactions for respiration take place

Question 12

What are ribosomes involved in?

Answer 12

Translation of genetic material in the synthesis of proteins

Question 13

What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

Answer 13

• Rigid cell wall
• Large vacuole
• Chloroplasts

Question 14

What is the function of the rigid cell wall?

Answer 14

Supports and strengthens the cell

Question 15

What is contained within the large vacuole?

Answer 15

Cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

Question 16

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

Answer 16

Chloroplasts

Question 17

What is unique about bacterial cells compared to plant and animal cells?

Answer 17

Bacterial cells have no nucleus

Question 18

List the subcellular structures found in bacterial cells.

Answer 18

• Chromosomal DNA
• Ribosomes
• Cell membrane
• Plasmid DNA
• Flagellum

Question 19

What is the function of chromosomal DNA in bacteria?

Answer 19

Controls the cell’s activities and replication

Question 20

What are plasmids?

Answer 20

Small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome

Question 21

What is the function of the flagellum in bacterial cells?

Answer 21

A long structure that rotates to make the bacterium move

Question 22

True or False: Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The _______ contains a green substance called chlorophyll.

Answer 23

Chloroplast

Question 24

What are specialized cells that have a structure adapted to their function called?

Answer 24

Specialized cells

These cells have unique structures that enable them to perform specific tasks effectively.

Question 25

What are the main functions of egg cells?

Answer 25

* Carry the female DNA * Nourish the developing embryo in early stages ## Footnote Egg cells are vital for reproduction and support embryo development.

Question 26

What is the nucleus of both egg and sperm cells characterized as?

Answer 26

Haploid ## Footnote Haploid means containing half the number of chromosomes found in a normal body cell.

Question 27

List three adaptations of egg cells for their function.

Answer 27

* Contains nutrients in the cytoplasm * Has a haploid nucleus * Membrane changes structure post-fertilization to prevent more sperm entry ## Footnote These adaptations ensure successful fertilization and embryo nourishment.

Question 28

What is the primary function of sperm cells?

Answer 28

Transport the male's DNA to the female's egg ## Footnote Sperm cells are essential for fertilization in sexual reproduction.

Question 29

List four adaptations of sperm cells for their function.

Answer 29

* Long tail for swimming * Lots of mitochondria for energy * Acrosome containing enzymes for egg membrane penetration * Haploid nucleus ## Footnote These adaptations facilitate effective movement and fertilization.

Question 30

What are ciliated epithelial cells specialized for?

Answer 30

Moving substances ## Footnote Ciliated epithelial cells help transport materials across surfaces, like mucus in airways.

Question 31

How do ciliated epithelial cells function in the airways?

Answer 31

Cilia beat to move mucus upwards ## Footnote This action helps trap and remove particles from the air, preventing lung infections.

Question 32

What is the function of microscopes in biology?

Answer 32

Magnify images and increase resolution ## Footnote Microscopes allow scientists to observe cells and their structures in detail.

Question 33

What type of microscope uses light to view specimens?

Answer 33

Light microscope ## Footnote Light microscopes are effective for observing living cells and larger cell structures.

Question 34

What are the advantages of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

Answer 34

* Higher magnification * Higher resolution ## Footnote Electron microscopes can reveal much smaller structures within cells but cannot be used on living specimens.

Question 35

What is the first step in viewing a specimen using a light microscope?

Answer 35

Take a thin slice of the specimen ## Footnote Thin slices allow light to pass through, making observation possible.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: A drop of _______ should be placed on the slide to secure the specimen.

Answer 36

water ## Footnote This step helps stabilize the specimen for viewing.

Question 37

What should you do if the specimen is transparent or colorless?

Answer 37

Add a drop of stain ## Footnote Stains enhance visibility by highlighting different structures within cells.

Question 38

What is the purpose of placing a cover slip at an angle?

Answer 38

To avoid trapping air bubbles ## Footnote Air bubbles can obstruct the view and affect the clarity of the image.

Question 39

What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob on a microscope?

Answer 39

To move the stage up or down for focusing ## Footnote This knob helps in obtaining a clear view of the specimen.

Question 40

What should be included when creating a scientific drawing of a specimen?

Answer 40

* Clear outlines of main features * Labels for important features * Magnification used * A scale ## Footnote Proper labeling and scale are essential for clarity and accuracy in scientific drawings.