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Key Concepts In Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex cell that includes all animal and plant cells

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A smaller and simpler cell, e.g., bacteria

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4
Q

Define eukaryotes.

A

Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A single-celled organism made up of a prokaryotic cell

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6
Q

What are subcellular structures also known as?

A

Organelles

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7
Q

List the subcellular structures found in most animal cells.

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen

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10
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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11
Q

What occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Most reactions for respiration take place

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12
Q

What are ribosomes involved in?

A

Translation of genetic material in the synthesis of proteins

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13
Q

What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

A
  • Rigid cell wall
  • Large vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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14
Q

What is the function of the rigid cell wall?

A

Supports and strengthens the cell

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15
Q

What is contained within the large vacuole?

A

Cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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16
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

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17
Q

What is unique about bacterial cells compared to plant and animal cells?

A

Bacterial cells have no nucleus

18
Q

List the subcellular structures found in bacterial cells.

A
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell membrane
  • Plasmid DNA
  • Flagellum
19
Q

What is the function of chromosomal DNA in bacteria?

A

Controls the cell’s activities and replication

20
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome

21
Q

What is the function of the flagellum in bacterial cells?

A

A long structure that rotates to make the bacterium move

22
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.

A

False

23
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ contains a green substance called chlorophyll.

A

Chloroplast

24
Q

What are specialized cells that have a structure adapted to their function called?

A

Specialized cells

These cells have unique structures that enable them to perform specific tasks effectively.

25
Q

What are the main functions of egg cells?

A
  • Carry the female DNA
  • Nourish the developing embryo in early stages

Egg cells are vital for reproduction and support embryo development.

26
Q

What is the nucleus of both egg and sperm cells characterized as?

A

Haploid

Haploid means containing half the number of chromosomes found in a normal body cell.

27
Q

List three adaptations of egg cells for their function.

A
  • Contains nutrients in the cytoplasm
  • Has a haploid nucleus
  • Membrane changes structure post-fertilization to prevent more sperm entry

These adaptations ensure successful fertilization and embryo nourishment.

28
Q

What is the primary function of sperm cells?

A

Transport the male’s DNA to the female’s egg

Sperm cells are essential for fertilization in sexual reproduction.

29
Q

List four adaptations of sperm cells for their function.

A
  • Long tail for swimming
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
  • Acrosome containing enzymes for egg membrane penetration
  • Haploid nucleus

These adaptations facilitate effective movement and fertilization.

30
Q

What are ciliated epithelial cells specialized for?

A

Moving substances

Ciliated epithelial cells help transport materials across surfaces, like mucus in airways.

31
Q

How do ciliated epithelial cells function in the airways?

A

Cilia beat to move mucus upwards

This action helps trap and remove particles from the air, preventing lung infections.

32
Q

What is the function of microscopes in biology?

A

Magnify images and increase resolution

Microscopes allow scientists to observe cells and their structures in detail.

33
Q

What type of microscope uses light to view specimens?

A

Light microscope

Light microscopes are effective for observing living cells and larger cell structures.

34
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

A
  • Higher magnification
  • Higher resolution

Electron microscopes can reveal much smaller structures within cells but cannot be used on living specimens.

35
Q

What is the first step in viewing a specimen using a light microscope?

A

Take a thin slice of the specimen

Thin slices allow light to pass through, making observation possible.

36
Q

Fill in the blank: A drop of _______ should be placed on the slide to secure the specimen.

A

water

This step helps stabilize the specimen for viewing.

37
Q

What should you do if the specimen is transparent or colorless?

A

Add a drop of stain

Stains enhance visibility by highlighting different structures within cells.

38
Q

What is the purpose of placing a cover slip at an angle?

A

To avoid trapping air bubbles

Air bubbles can obstruct the view and affect the clarity of the image.

39
Q

What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob on a microscope?

A

To move the stage up or down for focusing

This knob helps in obtaining a clear view of the specimen.

40
Q

What should be included when creating a scientific drawing of a specimen?

A
  • Clear outlines of main features
  • Labels for important features
  • Magnification used
  • A scale

Proper labeling and scale are essential for clarity and accuracy in scientific drawings.

Key Concepts In Biology (5 decks)

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