Cells Flashcards
Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Both alive, have a cell membrane, have DNA, have ribosomes, the ability to divide and reproduce
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and have a more simple structure, eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles
Totipotent cells?
Can give rise to any type of cell
Pluripotent cells
Can give rise to most types of cell, but not extra-embryonic cells
Multipotent cells
Can differentiate into limited number of specialised cells
Haematopoiesis
A pathway where haematopoietic stem cells, which are found in the bone marrow of adults, can differentiate into blood cells.
What is erythropoiesis?
Process of becoming a red blood cell
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell, as it grows and divides.
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase (Gap1, synthesis, Gap2), Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Pros and cons of light microscopes
Cons- poorer resolution, lower magnification
Pros- colour images, can view living samples
Pros and cons of electron microscope
Pros- higher resolving power, higher magnification
Cons-black and white images, samples have to be non-living
What is magnification?
Magnification is how much larger the image is compared to the original object
What is the resolution of a microscope?
Resolution of a microscope is the minimum distance between two objects where they can be viewed as separate entities
Calculation for magnification
Magnification= size of image / size of object
Calculation for total magnification
Eyepiece lens x objective lens = total magnification
What is epigenetics?
The study of how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence.
What are induced pluripotent cells?
Cells that were multipotent which have been made into pluripotent cells.
What does cholesterol do in cells?
Adds structural strength and prevents water and ion movement.
Diffusion- up or down the concentration gradient?
Down
Osmosis- up or down the concentration gradient?
Down
Osmosis- up or down the concentration gradient?
Down
Which method of movement requires energy?
Active transport
Which methods move dissolved substances?
Diffusion and active transport
Which methods move dissolved substances?
Diffusion and active transport
Which method of movement transports water?
Osmosis- through a partially permeable membrane
What is a hypertonic cell?
A cell that has shrivelled
What is an isotonic cell?
A cell that is normal and flaccid
What is a hypotonic cell?
A cell that has absorbed too much water- turgid and can explode
