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Biology (Personal) > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane

A
  • Arranged in a phospholipid bilayer
  • Hydrophillic phosphate heads
  • Hydrophobic Fatty Acid tails
  • Contains intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
  • Contains cholesterol
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2
Q

Describe the function of the cell surface membrane

A
  • Selectively permeable: enables control of passage of substances in and out the cell
  • Receptors on the surface: allow cell recognition and signalling
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3
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • Nuclear envelope:
    Double membrane, has nuclear pores
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Nucleolus (Dense region)
  • Protein (histone) bound, linear DNA:
  • Chromatin, condensed
    Chromosomes, highly condensed
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4
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus:

A
  • Stores genetic information which codes for polypeptides
  • Site of DNA replication
  • Site of transcription, producing mRNA
  • Makes ribosomes, rRNA
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5
Q

Describe the structure of a ribosome

A
  • Made of rRNA and proteins (2 subunits)
  • Not membrane bound
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6
Q

Describe the function of the ribosome

A
  • Site of protein synthesis (translation)
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7
Q

Describe the structure of rER and sER

A
  • System of membranes
  • rER coated with ribosomes
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8
Q

Describe the function of the rER

A
  • Ribosome on surface synthesise proteins
  • Proteins processed in rER
  • Proteins packaged into vesicles for transport
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9
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus and golgi vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus: Flattened membrane sacs
Gogli vesicles: Small membrane sac

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10
Q

Describe the function of the sER

A
  • Synthesises and produces lipids
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11
Q

What is the function of the golgi appartus:

A
  • Modifies proteins (e.g adds carbohydrates to make glycoproteins)
  • Modifies lipids (e.g adds carbohydrates to make glycolipids)
  • Packages proteins/lipids into golgi vesicles
    -Produces lysosomes
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12
Q

What is the function of the golgi vesicles:

A
  • Transports proteins / lipids to their required destination
  • Moves to and fuses to cell membrane
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13
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes

A
  • Membrane
  • Hydrolytic enzymes
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14
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A
  • Releases hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes)
  • To hydrolyse pathogens or worn out cell components
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15
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • Double membrane, inner membrane (cristae) is folded
  • Matrix, which contains small (70S) ribosomes and circular DNA
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16
Q

Describe the function of Mitochondria

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • To produce ATP for energy release
  • For metabolic reactions e.g protein synthesis
17
Q

Describe the structure of the chloroplasts

A
  • Double membrane
  • Stroma, containing:
  • Thylakoid membrane
  • 70S Ribosomes
  • Circular DNA
  • Starch Granules & lipid droplets)
  • Lamella - Thylakoid linking grana
  • Grana - stacks of thylakoid
18
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts

A
  • Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
  • To produce organic substances
19
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall in plants/algae and fungi

A

Composed mainly of cellulose in plants
Composed mainly of chitin in fungi

20
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall

A
  • Provides mechanical strength to cell
  • So prevents cell changing shape or bursting under pressure due to osmosis
21
Q

Describe the structure of the cell vacuole in plants

A
  • Tonoplast membrane
  • Cell sap
22
Q

Describe the function of the cell vacuole in plants

A
  • Maintains turgor pressure (stopping plant from wilting)
  • Contains cell sap: stores sugars, amino acids, pigments and waste chemicals
23
Q

What are some features of prokaryotic cells

A
  • Cytoplasm lacking membrane-bound organelles
  • So genetic material not enclosed in a nucleus
24
Q

Describe the general structure of prokaryotic cells

A

ALWAYS CONTAINS:
- Cell Surface membrane
- Cell wall, made of murein
- Cytoplasm
- Small (70S) ribosomes
- Circular DNA, not associated with proteins

SOMETIMES CONTAINS:
- Capsule
- Plasmids (rings of DNA)
- Flagella

25
Q

Explain why viruses are acellular and non living

A
  • Not made of cells, no cell membrane / cytoplasm / organelles
  • Non living: Have no metabolism, so cant independently move
26
Q

Describe the general structure of a virus particle

A
  • Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid (protein coat)
  • Attachment proteins allow attachment to specific host cells
  • No cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane
  • Some surrounded by a lipid envelope
27
Q

Describe how prokaryotic cells replicate

A
  • Replication of circular DNA
  • Replication of plasmid
  • Division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells
  • Single copy of circular DNA
  • Variable number of plasmids
28
Q

Describe how viruses replicate

A
  • Attachment proteins attach to complimentary receptors on the host cell
  • Inject viral nucleic acid into host cell
  • Infected host cell replicates virus particles
  • Nucleic acid replicates
  • Cell produces viral protein/capsid/enzymes
  • Virus assembed then released

Biology (Personal) (15 decks)

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