cells

Question 1

active immunity:

Answer 1

a form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen.

Question 2

active transport:

Answer 2

the active movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration using energy in the form of ATP.

Question 3

agglutination:

Answer 3

the clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies which assists phagocytosis.

Question 4

antibody:

Answer 4

a protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to antigens as a part of the immune response.

Question 5

antigen:

Answer 5

marker molecules that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune response.

Question 6

binary fission:

Answer 6

the method of cell division used by prokaryotes involving replication of the circular DNA and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division.

Question 7

stages of the cell cycle:

Answer 7

interphase and mitosis.

Question 8

cell-surface membrane:

Answer 8

a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds cells and separates them from their environment.

Question 9

cell vacuole:

Answer 9

a membrane bound structure found in plant cells that contains cell sap.

Question 10

cell wall:

Answer 10

a permeable layer that surrounds plant, algae and fungi cells made of polysaccharides which provides strength to the cell.

Question 11

chloroplast:

Answer 11

an organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis.

Question 12

clonal expansion:

Answer 12

the production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocyte after clonal selection.

Question 13

clonal selection:

Answer 13

the process of matching the antigens on an antigen presenting cells with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes.

Question 14

co-transport:

Answer 14

a method of membrane transport where two substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time either in the same direction or opposite directions.

Question 15

cytokinesis:

Answer 15

division of the cytoplasm to produce two new cells.

Question 16

facilitated diffusion:

Answer 16

the passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration through transport proteins without the use of energy.

Question 17

flagella:

Answer 17

a whip-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement.

Question 18

fluid-mosaic model:

Answer 18

membrane structure as a sea of mobile phospholipids studded with various proteins.

Question 19

golgi apparatus:

Answer 19

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins.

Question 20

helper T cell:

Answer 20

a type of T cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells and phagocytes.

Question 21

herd immunity:

Answer 21

a type of disease immunity that occurs when a large proportion of a population are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to unvaccinated individuals.

Question 22

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):

Answer 22

a virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome).

Question 23

lysosomes:

Answer 23

membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme.

Question 24

magnification:

Answer 24

how much bigger an image appears compared to the original object.

Question 25

mitochondrion:

Answer 25

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration.

Question 26

mitosis:

Answer 26

the part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each with identical copies of DNA.

Question 27

monoclonal antibodies:

Answer 27

identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell.

Question 28

nucleus:

Answer 28

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope.

Question 29

osmosis:

Answer 29

the passive diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy.

Question 30

passive immunity:

Answer 30

a form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease into the body.

Question 31

phagocytosis:

Answer 31

the process where phagocytes engulf and destroy material.

Question 32

plasmids:

Answer 32

a circular loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.

Question 33

primary immune response:

Answer 33

the response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time.

Question 34

resolution:

Answer 34

the ability to distinguish two different points in a specimen.

Question 35

ribosomes:

Answer 35

organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins.

Question 36

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER):

Answer 36

a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.

Question 37

secondary immune response:

Answer 37

the response produced by the immune system when it recognises a pathogen that it has encountered before.

Question 38

simple diffusion:

Answer 38

the passive spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration without the use of energy.

Question 39

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER):

Answer 39

a membrane-bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis.

Question 40

vaccine:

Answer 40

the introduction of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity.