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a level biology > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is active immunity?

A

A form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen.

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2
Q

Define active transport.

A

The active movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration using energy in the form of ATP.

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3
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies which assists phagocytosis.

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4
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to antigens as a part of the immune response.

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5
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Marker molecules that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune response.

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6
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The method of cell division used by prokaryotes involving replication of the circular DNA and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division.

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7
Q

What stages comprise the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitosis.

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8
Q

What is the cell-surface membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds cells and separates them from their environment.

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9
Q

What is a cell vacuole?

A

A membrane bound structure found in plant cells that contains cell sap.

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

A permeable layer that surrounds plant, algae and fungi cells made of polysaccharides which provides strength to the cell.

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11
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

An organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis.

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12
Q

Define clonal expansion.

A

The production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocyte after clonal selection.

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13
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The process of matching the antigens on an antigen presenting cells with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes.

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14
Q

What is co-transport?

A

A method of membrane transport where two substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time either in the same direction or opposite directions.

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15
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm to produce two new cells.

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16
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration through transport proteins without the use of energy.

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17
Q

What are flagella?

A

A whip-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement.

18
Q

What does the fluid-mosaic model describe?

A

Membrane structure as a sea of mobile phospholipids studded with various proteins.

19
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins.

20
Q

What is a helper T cell?

A

A type of T cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells and phagocytes.

21
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

A type of disease immunity that occurs when a large proportion of a population are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to unvaccinated individuals.

22
Q

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

A

A virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome).

23
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme.

24
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much bigger an image appears compared to the original object.

25
Q

What is a mitochondrion?

A

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration.

26
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each with identical copies of DNA.

27
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell.

28
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope.

29
Q

Define osmosis.

A

The passive diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy.

30
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

A form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease into the body.

31
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process where phagocytes engulf and destroy material.

32
Q

What are plasmids?

A

A circular loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.

33
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

The response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time.

34
Q

Define resolution in microscopy.

A

The ability to distinguish two different points in a specimen.

35
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins.

36
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

A membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.

37
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

The response produced by the immune system when it recognises a pathogen that it has encountered before.

38
Q

Define simple diffusion.

A

The passive spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration without the use of energy.

39
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

A membrane-bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis.

40
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

The introduction of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity.

a level biology (9 decks)

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