biological molecules

Question 1

adenosine triphosphate (ATP):

Answer 1

a molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups.

Question 2

amino acid:

Answer 2

the monomers containing an amino acid (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable R group that make up proteins.

Question 3

benedict’s test:

Answer 3

a biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present.

Question 4

biuret test:

Answer 4

a biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein.

Question 5

cellulose:

Answer 5

a polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers that is used as a structural polysaccharide which provides strength to plant cell walls.

Question 6

condensation reaction:

Answer 6

a type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a water molecule.

Question 7

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):

Answer 7

an information storing molecule made up of deoxyribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix.

Question 8

dipeptide:

Answer 8

molecules formed by the condensation of two amino acids.

Question 9

disaccharide:

Answer 9

molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.
examples- maltose, sucrose, lactose.

Question 10

DNA helicase:

Answer 10

an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in the DNA molecule that is going to be replicated.

Question 11

DNA polymerase:

Answer 11

an enzyme that catalyses the condensation reactions between the new nucleotides in the synthesis of the new DNA strand.

Question 12

enzyme:

Answer 12

a protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst and increases the rate of biochemical reactions.

Question 13

glycogen:

Answer 13

a highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.

Question 14

glycosidic bond:

Answer 14

a bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction.

Question 15

heat capacity:

Answer 15

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount.

Question 16

hydrolysis:

Answer 16

breaking a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of a water molecule.

Question 17

induced fit model:

Answer 17

a model of enzyme action that describes how enzymes undergo subtle conformational changes to better fit the substrate.

Question 18

iodine test:

Answer 18

a biochemical test used to test for the presence of starch.

Question 19

lactose:

Answer 19

a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.

Question 20

latent heat:

Answer 20

the amount of energy needed for a substance to change shape.

Question 21

lipid emulsion test:

Answer 21

a biochemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids.

Question 22

maltose:

Answer 22

a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules.

Question 23

metabolite:

Answer 23

a molecule formed or used in metabolic reactions.

Question 24

monomer:

Answer 24

the smaller units from which larger molecules are made.

Question 25

monosaccharide:

Answer 25

the individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.
examples- glucose, galactose, fructose.

Question 26

phospholipid:

Answer 26

a type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group.

Question 27

polymer:

Answer 27

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.

Question 28

polypeptide:

Answer 28

molecules formed by the condensation of many amino acids.

Question 29

polysaccharide:

Answer 29

molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides.

Question 30

primary structure:

Answer 30

the individual sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Question 31

quaternary structure:

Answer 31

a structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains that describes the interactions of the different chains.

Question 32

ribonucleic acid (RNA):

Answer 32

a relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds.

Question 33

secondary structure:

Answer 33

the local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Question 34

semi conservative replication:

Answer 34

the production of two daughter DNA molecules from one DNA molecules which both contain one original DNA strand and one newly synthesised strand.

Question 35

solvent:

Answer 35

a substance which other solutes are dissolved in.

Question 36

starch:

Answer 36

a polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers thats used as the main storage of energy in plants.

Question 37

sucrose:

Answer 37

a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

Question 38

tertiary structure:

Answer 38

the way that the whole protein folds to make three dimensional structure.

Question 39

triglyceride:

Answer 39

a type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Question 40

carbohydrate:

Answer 40

molecules which consist only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and they are long chains of sugar units called saccharides joined together with glycosidic bonds formed through condensation reactions.

Question 41

glucose:

Answer 41

a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in each molecule, and is the main substrate for respiration and therefore of great importance. it has two isomers- alpha and beta glucose.