biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP):

A

a molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups.

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2
Q

amino acid:

A

the monomers containing an amino acid (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable R group that make up proteins.

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3
Q

benedict’s test:

A

a biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present.

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4
Q

biuret test:

A

a biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein.

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5
Q

cellulose:

A

a polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers that is used as a structural polysaccharide which provides strength to plant cell walls.

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6
Q

condensation reaction:

A

a type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a water molecule.

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7
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):

A

an information storing molecule made up of deoxyribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix.

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8
Q

dipeptide:

A

molecules formed by the condensation of two amino acids.

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9
Q

disaccharide:

A

molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.
examples- maltose, sucrose, lactose.

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10
Q

DNA helicase:

A

an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in the DNA molecule that is going to be replicated.

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11
Q

DNA polymerase:

A

an enzyme that catalyses the condensation reactions between the new nucleotides in the synthesis of the new DNA strand.

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12
Q

enzyme:

A

a protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst and increases the rate of biochemical reactions.

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13
Q

glycogen:

A

a highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.

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14
Q

glycosidic bond:

A

a bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction.

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15
Q

heat capacity:

A

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount.

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16
Q

hydrolysis:

A

breaking a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of a water molecule.

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17
Q

induced fit model:

A

a model of enzyme action that describes how enzymes undergo subtle conformational changes to better fit the substrate.

18
Q

iodine test:

A

a biochemical test used to test for the presence of starch.

19
Q

lactose:

A

a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.

20
Q

latent heat:

A

the amount of energy needed for a substance to change shape.

21
Q

lipid emulsion test:

A

a biochemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids.

22
Q

maltose:

A

a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules.

23
Q

metabolite:

A

a molecule formed or used in metabolic reactions.

24
Q

monomer:

A

the smaller units from which larger molecules are made.

25
monosaccharide:
the individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made. examples- glucose, galactose, fructose.
26
phospholipid:
a type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group.
27
polymer:
molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.
28
polypeptide:
molecules formed by the condensation of many amino acids.
29
polysaccharide:
molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides.
30
primary structure:
the individual sequence of amino acids in a protein.
31
quaternary structure:
a structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains that describes the interactions of the different chains.
32
ribonucleic acid (RNA):
a relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds.
33
secondary structure:
the local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
34
semi conservative replication:
the production of two daughter DNA molecules from one DNA molecules which both contain one original DNA strand and one newly synthesised strand.
35
solvent:
a substance which other solutes are dissolved in.
36
starch:
a polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers thats used as the main storage of energy in plants.
37
sucrose:
a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.
38
tertiary structure:
the way that the whole protein folds to make three dimensional structure.
39
triglyceride:
a type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
40
carbohydrate:
molecules which consist only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and they are long chains of sugar units called saccharides joined together with glycosidic bonds formed through condensation reactions.
41
glucose:
a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in each molecule, and is the main substrate for respiration and therefore of great importance. it has two isomers- alpha and beta glucose.