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WVSU BIO APTITUDE 2024 > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what allowed the spontaneous abiotic synthesis of organisms?

A

conditions of early Earth

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2
Q

what are possible cellular precursors?

A

protobionts and RNA genesis

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3
Q
  • are collections of abiotically synthesized organic compounds
  • formed spontaneously as the precursors of cells
A

protobionts

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4
Q

cell structure is mainly composed of?

A
  • cell membrane
  • membrane proteins
  • cytoplasm
  • cytoskeleton
  • ribosomes
  • cholesterol
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5
Q

include multicellular plants and animals and some unicellular protists. Their cells contain membrane-bound organelles?

A

eukaryotes

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6
Q

membrane-bound organelles of multicellular organisms?

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • vesicles
  • lysosomes
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7
Q

additional components for plant cells?

A
  • chloroplasts
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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8
Q

simplest unicellular organisms and earliest cells to evolve?

A

prokaryotes

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9
Q

major differences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • genetic material floats in the cytoplasm
  • there are no membrane-bound organelles
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10
Q

unbounded but concentrated region for genetic material in prokaryotes?

A

nucleoid

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11
Q

cell transport has two mechanisms which are ?

A

active and passive

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12
Q

types of passive mechanisms?

A
  • diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
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13
Q

molecules move freely across a membrane to balance a concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.

A

diffusion

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14
Q

diffusion of water

A

osmosis

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15
Q

molecules cross an impermeable or semi-impermeable membrane down their concentration gradient but must do so via special channels?

A

facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

types of active mechanisms?

A
  • active transport
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
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17
Q

is the transport of molecules from low to high concentrations across a membrane using energy-dependent transport protein?

A

active transport

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18
Q

the enveloping of an exterior substance within a membranus vesicle for admission to the cell interior?

A

endocytosis

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19
Q

2 types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis & phagocytosis

20
Q

endocytosis of dissolved liquid molecules

A

pinocytosis

21
Q

endocytosis of undissolved solid matter

A

phagocytosis

22
Q

the extrusion of material from a cell by discharge vesicles at the cell surface?

A

exocytosis

23
Q

is the cellular process of oxidizing glucose to obtain energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ?

A

cellular respiration

24
Q

is the oldest metabolic pathway, used by all cells, and a precursor to both aerobic and anaerobic respiratory pathways.

A

glycolysis

25
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

26
Q

what happens during glycolysis?

A

the six carbon-sugar glucose is degraded to form molecules of three-carbon pyruvate, resulting into two NADH and two net ATP.

27
Q

chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically?

A

fermentation

28
Q

three types of fermentation?

A
  • homolactic
  • alcoholic
  • heterolactic
29
Q

bacteria converts pyruvate into lactic acid

A

homolactic

30
Q

yeast and bacteria convert pyruvate into ethanol and CO2

A

alcoholic

31
Q

organisms produce lactic acid as well as other acids and alcohols

A

heterolactic

32
Q

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)?

A

aerobic respiration

33
Q

stages of oxidative respiration?

A
  • oxidation of pyruvate
  • citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
  • chemiosmotic phosphorylation
34
Q
  • asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies?
  • is the method by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent organism?
A

binary fission

35
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle involves?

A
  • interphase
  • M phase (mitosis)
  • cytokinesis
36
Q

phases of interphase?

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
37
Q

major period of cell growth?

A

G1 phase

38
Q

during this period chromosome replication occurs producing sister chromatids connected by a centromere

A

S phase

39
Q

the cells prepares for cell division during this period

A

G2 phase

40
Q

the division of genetic material and cellular contents?

A

M phase

41
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

42
Q

physical division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells?

A

cytokinesis

43
Q

produces for haploid nuclei called gametes from a single diploid cell

A

meiosis

44
Q

cells divide in order to maintain _________________________________

A

surface-to-volume ratio

45
Q
A
46
Q

external signals that can regulate cell division

A
  • growth factors
  • density-dependent inhibition
  • anchorage dependence
47
Q

cells that ignore cell cycle regulations and divide unchecked

A

cancer cells

WVSU BIO APTITUDE 2024 (11 decks)

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