BIOCHEM

Question 1

large, carbon-based organic molecules that are found in living organisms?

Answer 1

macromolecules

Question 2

chains of molecules formed through the loss of a water molecule (dehydration synthesis)

Answer 2

polymers

Question 3

energy-storing molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Answer 3

carbohydrates

Question 4

singe-sugar sugar units founds as rings?

Answer 4

monosaccharides

Question 5

have two monosaccharide subunits?

Answer 5

disaccharides

Question 6

are long chains of sugars?

Answer 6

polysaccharides

Question 7

hydrocarbon-based molecules that are insoluble in water (hydrophobic)?

Answer 7

lipids

Question 8

3 primary families of lipids?

Answer 8

• fats
• steroids
• phospholipids

Question 9

large-energy storing molecules?

Answer 9

fats

Question 10

2 components of fats?

Answer 10

• 1 molecule of glycerol
• 3 fatty acids

Question 11

four fused-hydrocarbon rings?

Answer 11

steroids

Question 12

glycerol with two fatty acids and a phospholipid group attached (found in membranes?

Answer 12

phospholipids

Question 13

are long polymer chains called polypeptides built from amino acid subunits linked by peptide bonds?

Answer 13

proteins

Question 14

every amino acid contains?

Answer 14

• central carbon with amino group (NH2)
• carboxyl group (COOH)
• hydrogen (H)
• 1 of the 20 side groups (R)

Question 15

defines the attributes of the amino acid?

Answer 15

the side group (R)

Question 16

polymers of nucleotides that encode genetic information

Answer 16

nucleic acids

Question 17

two forms of nucleic acid?

Answer 17

DNA & RNA

Question 18

individual nucleotides are linked by?

Answer 18

phosphodiester bonds

Question 19

nucleotides contain 3 basic parts?

Answer 19

• phosphate group
• five-carbon sugar
• one nitrogenous base

Question 20

double-ringed purines?

Answer 20

adenine and guanine

Question 21

single-ringed pyramidines?

Answer 21

thymine and cytosine

Question 22

RNA pyramidine instead of thymine?

Answer 22

uracil

Question 23

first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 23

energy is never created or destroyed, only transformed

Question 24

second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 24

entropy, or randomness, is always increasing. Every transformation of energy creates greater disorder.

Question 25

spontaneous release of free energy (change in energy is negative)

Answer 25

exergonic change

Question 26

non-spontaneous absorption of free energy (change in energy is positive)

Answer 26

endergonic change

Question 27

refers to the energy required to initiate the reaction?

Answer 27

activation energy

Question 28

• biological catalysts
• proteins capable of speeding chemical reactions without being consumed
• they lower the activation energy of a reaction but does not affect the free energy change

Answer 28

enzymes

Question 29

is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with?

Answer 29

substrate

Question 30

is the part of the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and a chemical reaction takes place?

Answer 30

active site

Question 31

enzymatic activity activators/inhibitors?

Answer 31

• cofactors
• competitive & noncompetitve inhibitors
• activators
• feedback inhibitors
• cooperativity