Cells Flashcards
Plasma membrane
Forms the external boundary of a cell from its external environment. It regulates the transportation of substances into and out of the cells eg oxygen and glucose
Cytoplasm
Provide structure for the cell
Nucleus
The control centre of the cell contained within its own membrane. It’s responsible for regulation of most cellular processes and functions
What is the most abundant electrolyte of the ECF
Sodium
What is the most abundant electrolyte found within body cells (ICF osmolarity)
Potassium
Passive cellular transport
Occurs without the use of cellular energy and occurs via diffusion or filtration
What way do solutes move on the concentration gradient
When a solute diffuses it will always move down the concentration gradient to an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What’s osmosis
The diffusion of water and occurs via simple diffusion. It’s based on the osmolarity between the ICF and ECF. The ICF and ECF should be equal
Fluid shift
Occurs when the water and electrolyte intake and output are not balanced so the ECF compensates and there is a fluid shift. It Alters the volume and size of cells which can lead to cellular dysfunction if these changes are severe or sustained.
Filtration
Passive transport that occurs across a specially designed filtration barriers. It’s the movement of water and permeable substances across cell membranes due to the force of pressure. High pressure in one fluid area can push substances across the membrane into an area of lower pressure, it occurs across capillaries
Protein pumps
Push substances through cell membrane AGAINST their concentration gradient from low to high concentration
Vesicular Transport
Large substances are packaged into vesicles.
Exocytosis
Moving substances out of cell
Endocytosis
Moving substances into the cell
Basil metabolic rate
Minimum metabolic rate to maintain metabolism
Glycogenisis
Glucose creation.
Glycogenolysis
Glucose breakdown
Glycigenolysis
Turns to pyruvic acids
Rough E.R
Manufactures proteins and phospholipids
Cytoskeleton
Network of structural tuberoles
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Mitochondria
ATP production
Cilia
Short projections from cell surface
Centrosome
Anchors structural tuberoles
Flagella
Long cellular extension
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins and lipids
Smooth er
Lipid metabolism and steroid production
Lysosomes
Digests foreign material and cellular debris
Perioxisomes
Detoxifies
Gluconeogensis
Lipids or proteins are converted into glucose
What is DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material within the nucleus, it contains 4 nucleotide bases. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and thyamine
How many chromosomes in a human genome ?
23 pairs and in sex cells only one of each 23
What do segments of dna code for ?
Production of proteins and the blueprint for every structure, body composition, function and features
RNA
Ribonucleic acid is the decoder and messenger for DNA in the process of protein synthesis. It’s a single chain consisting of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
Messenger RNA
Is a chain of rna that reads the dna by aligning its bases with DNA bases. For each dna triplet, there is a corresponding three base sequence of nucleotides on the mRnA called a codon
Transfer RNA
Small units containing three RNA bases, called an anticodon, and an amino acid. The anticodon of tRNA pairs with a particular codon on the mRNA
Atrophy
A decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell numbers due to an increased rate of cellular division
Dysplasia
Abnormal changes in the size, shape and or organisation of mature cells.
Mitosis
Cell division process occurring in the somatic cells. All dna in the cell nucleus is copied and then the cell splits into two daughter cells putting one of copy of dna into each new daughter cell. Mitosis is a case of replicate and seperate
Meiosis
A type of cell division that only occurs in gametes (sex cells) to facilitate reproduction. Meiosis l parent cell divides into two daughter cells, (prior to the division crossing over and independent assortment occur).
Meiosis ll is when daughter cells from meiosis l divide into two further daughter cells each. At the completion of meiosis there will be 4 daughter cells. Each of the final four daughter cells will contain half the dna as the parent cell
Haploid
Cell containing half the amount of dna from the parent cell. During meiosis
Diploid cells
Replicate the parent cell during mitosis
