Cells: Flashcards
What is Biology?
The study of life:
-how organisms interact
-it explore structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things
“Life” Definition?
Anything that can biologically sustain itself
What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?
-are composed of cells
-require energy
-reproduce
-display heredity
-respond to stimuli in their environment
-evolve and adapt
-maintain homeostasis
What are the three Cell Theories?
-all living things are made up of cells
-cells are the smallest working units of all living things
-all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
What is a Cell?
Smallest unit of life that can perform life functions
Who used the microscope first to examine Cells?
Robert Hooke
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- do not have structures surrounded by membrane
- do not have a nucleus
- few internal structures
- one celled organisms (bacteria)
Characteristics of Eukaryotes
- more complex (larger)
- have a nucleus
- contain organelles surrounded by membranes
What organelle is surrounding the cell?
Cell Membrane
What is the cell membrane?
- the outer membrane of the cells which controls movement of materials in and out of cell
-occurs through semi-permeable material
-made up of phospholipid bi-layer
What is the function of the nucleus in cells?
-directs cell activities
-separated from cytoplasm by nucleur membrane
-contains genetic material - DNA
What is the function of the Nucleur Membrane in cells?
-surrounds nucleus
-made up of two layers
-opening allow material to enter and leave nucleus
What is the function of the Chromosomes in the Cell?
-in nucleus
-made of DNA
-contain instructions for traits and characteristics
What is the function of the Nucleolus in cells?
-inside nucleus
-contains DNA to build proteins (which act as instructions for ea. cell/organelle)
What is the function of the Cytoplasm in cells?
-gel like material
-where chemical reactions take place
-storage for substances
-surrounded by cell membrane
What is the function of the Endoplasmic reticulum in cells?
-transports materials around in cell (eg. proteins)
-many functions depending on what type of cell it is in
-Smooth ER = no ribosomes
-Rough ER = ribosomes are found on the surface
What is the function of the Ribosomes in cells?
-each cell contains thousands
-makes proteins
-found on Rough ER and are floating throughout the cell
What is the function of the Mitochondria in cells?
-produces energy (through chemical reactions — cellular respiration = convert glucose into energy {CO2, H2O})
-controls level of water and other materials in the cell
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in the cell?
-collect and process materials to be taken out of the cell
-make and secrete mucus (found in intestines)
What is the function of the Lysosomes in the cell?
-digestive center for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
-transports undigested material to the cell membrane so it can be removed
-cell breaks down if lysosome explodes (apoptosis)
What is the function of the Vesicles in the cell?
-small containers made of membrane
-used to transport and store substances in the cell
What is the function of the centrioles in the cell?
-made up of microtubules
-help the cell when it comes time to divide
-they move to opposite ends of the cell (poles) and are what the spindle fibres attatch to during cell division
What is the function of the Vacuoles in the cell?
-membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
-contains water solution
-helps cells maintain shape
-plant cells have one large
-animal cells have many small
