Cells Flashcards
Cell structures of animal cells
Cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion vacuole
cell structures of plant cells
Plant wall cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion
cell membrane
selectively permeable
made up of lipids (phospholipid) and proteins
It separates the cell from the outside environment by controlling the transport of substances into and out of the cell
cell wall
made of cellulose
fully permeable
it supports, protects and gives shape to plant cells
cytoplasm
it provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
it contains food granules
Organelles of cell
Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion chloroplasts vacuole
nucleus
largest cell organelle
the nucleus membrane is a double membrane with nuclear pore that surrounds the nucleus
the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
It contains DNA that provides information for protein synthesis
It controls all cellular activities
Endoplasmic reticulum
It consists of folded membrane forming enclosed cavity within the cytoplasm
It consists of 2 types : Rough ER - with ribosomes attached on the surfaces Smooth ER - without ribosomes - Rough ER
it is the site of protein synthesis
with the help of ribosomes on the surface of rough ER, protein is synthesized
afterwards, the protein may be transported inside ER
Smooth ER
it transports and synthezies carbohydrates, lipids (steroids) and non-protein products
Mitochondrion
It is rod-shaped
it is bounded by a double membrane
It carries out aerobic respiration, producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the form of energy readily available
Chloroplast
It contains chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight for carrying out photosynthesis
vacuole
When it is fully filled (mainly with water), the cell becomes turgid to provide support to the plant.
Its cell sap stores food, dissolved ions, waste and pigments
Comparison of cellular organisation between animal and plant cells
animal cells and plant cells both have : a cell membrane a nucleus cytoplasm mitochondria
Animal cells are always without chloroplasts
Plant cells are with or without chloroplasts
Animal cells are always without cell wall
Plant cells are always with cell wall
Animal cells have small and numerous vacuoles
Plant cells have large and few vacuoles
Animal cells use glycogen as food storage
Plant cells use starch as food storage
Animal cells are usually irregular in shape
Plant cells are usually regular in shape
Comparison of structures that can be seen with light microscope and with electron microscope
Light microscope
Can : Nucleus Cell membrane cell wall vacuole chloroplast
Cannot :
mitochondrion (difficult to identify with certainty)
endoplasmic reticulum
Electron microscope
Can : Nucleus Cell membrane cell wall vacuole chloroplast mitochondrion endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell
prokaryotic cells have no nuclear membrane to enclose DNA while eukaryotic cells have nuclear membrane
prokaryotic cells have no double membrane organelles while eukaryotic cells have
organisms consist of prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes E.g. bacteria
organisms consist of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes E.g. fungi, protists, plants and animals
Comparison between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
All have DNA, cell membrane and cytoplasm
prokaryotic cells circular DNA (in cytoplasm) nucleus no mitochondrion no endoplasmic reticulum no chloroplast no cell wall yes
eukaryotic cells linear DNA Animal : nucleus yes mitochondrion yes endoplasmic reticulum yes chloroplasts no cell wall no
Plant : nucleus yes mitochondrion yes endoplasmic reticulum yes chloroplast yes cell wall yes
