Cells

Question 1

What is Cell Theory?

Answer 1

Cell theory was developed by Robert Hook’s research. – Cells are the building blocks of all cells and animals.

• -All cells come from the division of preexisting cells.
• • Cells are the smallest unit that all vital physiological functions.
• • Each cells maintains homeostasis at the cellular level.

Question 2

What are the two cell types?

Answer 2

1. Sex Cells - reproductive cells, male sperm, female oocyte ( a cell that developed into an egg.)
2. Somatic Cells - Some = body, includes all cells except sex cells.

Question 3

Microvilli

Answer 3

Membrane extensions containing microfilaments. Function: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of of extra-cellular materials.

Question 4

Extracellular fluid

Answer 4

• a water medium the surrounds the cell.

- plasmamembrane (cell membrane) separates the cytoplasm (inner fluids) from extracelluar fluids.

Question 5

Intracellular fluid: cytoplasm

Answer 5

cytosol = liquid

- intracellular structures collectively known as organelles make up the plasma fluid portion.

Question 6

What is the Plasma Membrane structure

Answer 6

The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, proteins, steroids’ and carbohydrates.

Question 7

What is the function of the plasma membrane

Answer 7

It’s functions are:

1. isolation
   - Barrier
2. Regulation of Exchange with the Enviorment
   - ions and nutrients enter.
   - wastes eliminated and cellular products released.
   - It is the homeostatic gateway.
3. Sensitivity & Reaction to the environment.
   - Extracellular fluid composition - supplies nutrients.
   - Chemicals signals in/out of cell
4. Structural support.
   - Anchors cells and tissues.
   ,protective, sensitivity, support, controls what enters and exits the cell.

Question 8

What are the membrane lipids of the plasma membrane?

Answer 8

1. Phospholipids bilayer (two sections.)
   - Hydrophilic heads ends - facing towards the watery environment on both ends.
   - Hydrophobic fatty acid tail end - inside membrane.

Acts as a barrier to ions and water soluble compounds but easy permeable to fat soluble materials.

Question 9

List the 8 membrane protein types:

Answer 9

1. Integral Proteins - within the membrane
2. Peripheral proteins - bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane.
3. Anchoring proteins (stabilizers): Attach to inside or outside structures.
4. Recognition proteins: labels other cells as being normal or abnormal.
5. Enzyme proteins: Catalyze reactions intra and extra cellular.
6. Receptor proteins: Binds and responds to ligands (ions & hormones’.)
7. Carrier Proteins - Transfers specific solutes through membrane.
8. Channel proteins - Regulate water flow and solutes through the membrane.

8.

Question 10

Cystoplasm

Answer 10

a) Cytosol
- Dissolved materials - nutrients, ions, proteins, & waste proteins.
- High potassium/sodium.
- High protein
- High Carbs/low amino acid.

b) organelles
- structure within cytosol with specific functions.

Question 11

The Ogranelles

Answer 11

a) Non membranes organelles
- No membrane
- Direct contact with cytosol
- Include the: cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes.

b) Membranous organelles
- Covered with its own plasma membrane.
- isolated from cytosol.
includes - endoplasmic reticulum (ER,) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.