Cells

Question 1

Plasma Membrane

Answer 1

semi-permeable; separates intra-cellular fluids from extra cellular

Question 2

functions of membrane proteins

Answer 2

• transport
• enzymatic activity
• receptors for signal transduction
• intercellular adhesion
• cell to cell recognition
• attachment for cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix

Question 3

membrane junctions

Answer 3

encase cell; impermeable and tight

Question 4

desmosome

Answer 4

example of membrane junction. anchoring junction scattered along sides of cell

Question 5

gap junction

Answer 5

example of membrane junction. nexus which allows chemical substances to pass between cells

Question 6

passive membrane transport

Answer 6

doesn’t require energy

Question 7

diffusion

Answer 7

passive membrane transport

Question 8

simple diffusion

Answer 8

nonpolar & lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through lipid bilayer or through channel proteins. high to low concentration (oxygen)

Question 9

facilitated diffusion

Answer 9

transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels. ex. large sugars (glucose, amino acids) high to low concentration

Question 10

carrier proteins

Answer 10

transmembrane proteins. show specificity for certain polar molecules (sugars and amino acids)

Question 11

osmosis

Answer 11

solvent concentrations are different on opposite sides of membrane. water moving into and out of cell.

Question 12

osmolarity

Answer 12

total concentration of solute particle in solution

Question 13

tonicity

Answer 13

how a solution affects cell volume

Question 14

isotonic

Answer 14

solutions with same solute concentration as cytosol

Question 15

hypertonic

Answer 15

solutions having greater solute concentration than that of cytosol. cell shrink

Question 16

hypotonic

Answer 16

solutions having lesser solute concentrations than that of cytosol. cells get larger

Question 17

filtration

Answer 17

passage of water & solutes through membrane by hydrostatic pressure. determined by pore size

Question 18

dialysis

Answer 18

artificial filtration. blood is removed when kidneys don’t work

Question 19

active transport

Answer 19

uses ATP to move solutes across membrane. (upstream) low to high concentration.

Question 20

symport system

Answer 20

2 substances moved across membrane in same direction

Question 21

antiport system

Answer 21

2 substances moved across membrane in the opposite direction

Question 22

primary active transport

Answer 22

uses ATP to change protein conformation

Question 23

secondary active transport

Answer 23

uses ion exchange pump. ex. Sodium-Potassium pump

Question 24

Vesticular Transport

Answer 24

transport of large particles & macromolecules across plasma membrane

Question 25

exocytosis

Answer 25

moves substances from cell interior to extracellular space

Question 26

endocytosis

Answer 26

enables particles & macromolecules to enter the cell

Question 27

transcytosis

Answer 27

moving substances into, across, and then out of cell

Question 28

vesicular trafficking

Answer 28

moving substances from one area in the cell to another

Question 29

phagocytosis

Answer 29

encompasses exocytosis and endocytosis. pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into cell’s interior

Question 30

resting membrane potential

Answer 30

the point where K+ potential is balanced by the membrane potential

Question 31

steady state

Answer 31

potential maintained by active transport of ions

Question 32

cytoplasm

Answer 32

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus

Question 33

cytosol

Answer 33

mostly water with dissolved proteins, salts, sugars

Question 34

cytoplasmic organelles

Answer 34

metabolic machinery

Question 35

inclusions

Answer 35

chemical substances in suspension (glycosomes, glycogen)

Question 36

example of membranous cytoplasmic organelles

Answer 36

mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus

Question 37

example of nonmembranous C.O.

Answer 37

cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes

Question 38

cell respiration

Answer 38

how we take energy from what we eat

Question 39

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 39

interconnected tubes and parallel membranes around cisternae.

Question 40

Two types of ER

Answer 40

rough and smooth

Question 41

Rough ER

Answer 41

contains RIbosomes

Question 42

Smooth ER

Answer 42

catalyze various reactions in body

Question 43

What does the Golgi Apparatus do

Answer 43

modify, concentrate, and package proteins

Question 44

peroxisomes

Answer 44

contain oxidases & catalases to detoxify or neutralize harmful/toxic substances such as free radicals

Question 45

lysosomes

Answer 45

contain activated digestive enzymes

Question 46

Endomembrane system function

Answer 46

produce, store, and export biological molecules. degrade harmful substances

Question 47

Endomembrane system includes

Answer 47

nuclear envelope, smooth/rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi, plasma membrane

Question 48

what is the cytoskeleton

Answer 48

cell’s skeleton

Question 49

What 3 things make up the cytoskeleton

Answer 49

• microfilament
• intermediate filament
• microtubule

Question 50

cell cycle (Mitosis)

Answer 50

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase

Question 51

Skin cells spend 20 of 21 hrs in

Answer 51

Interphase (G1, S, G2)