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AS Biology > Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

Up to 1500x in total

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2
Q

What limits the resolution of a light microscope?

A

The wavelength of visible light

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3
Q

Name two advantages of light microscopes

A
  • Relatively cheap

- Wide range of alive specimens can be observed

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4
Q

Name the two ways of preparing a specimen for viewing under a light microscope?

A
  • Staining

- Sectioning

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5
Q

Give 2 disadvantage of using a light microscope?

A
  • Relatively low resolution doesn’t give detailed information
  • Non-coloured specimens must be stained for specific organelles/molecules
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6
Q

Give 2 advantages of using an Electron microscope

A
  • Produces detailed images of the structures INSIDE cells

- SEM produces detailed 3D images showing contour of cells

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7
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of using an Electron microscope

A
  • Extremely expensive

- Samples must be dead and in a vacuum

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8
Q

State the magnification formula

A

Magnification = image size / object size

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9
Q

Give the definition of Magnification?

A

Number of times larger an image appears compared to the real size of the object

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10
Q

Give the definition of Resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two adjacent but separate points

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus (3)

A
  • Surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • Contain chromatin
  • Nucleolus at the centre
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12
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus (3)

A
  • Houses all of cells genetic material
  • Chromatin consists of DNA and proteins
  • Has instructions for making proteins
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13
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A

Dense spherical structure inside the nucleus

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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A
  • Makes RNA and ribosomes

- These pass into cytoplasm and are the site of protein assembly

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15
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope

A
  • Surrounds nucleus
  • It is 2 membranes with fluid between them
  • Nuclear pores go through the envelope
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16
Q

What is the function of the Nuclear envelope?

A

The pores in the envelope allow passage of relatively large molecules

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
  • Continuous with outer nuclear membrane
  • Studded with ribosomes
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18
Q

Describe the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Transports proteins made on attached ribosomes
  • Some of these proteins are secreted from the cell
  • Some are placed on the cell surface membrane
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19
Q

Describe the structure of the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Flattened membrane sacs called Cisternae
  • Continuous with outer nuclear membrane
  • NO RIBOSOMES LIKE RER
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20
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Involved in essential lipid production

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs

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22
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Receives proteins from the SER and modifies them
  • Packages modified proteins into vesicles for transportation
  • Some are then secreted from surface of the cell
23
Q

Describe the structure of a Ribosome

A
  • No outer membrane
  • Tiny organelles
  • Each consists of 2 sub units
24
Q

Where in the cell are ribosomes found?

A

Some in the Cytoplasm, some bound to the RER

25
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A
  • Site of protein synthesis in the cell

- Act as an assembly line where mRNA is used to assemble proteins from Amino Acids

26
Q

Describe the structure of Mitochondria

A
  • Spherical/sausage shaped
  • Double membrane
  • Membrane separated by a fluid filled space
  • Highly folded inner membrane forms Cristae
  • Central part called matrix
27
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria

A
  • Site of ATP production

- Powerhouse of the cell

28
Q

Describe the structure of Lysosomes

A
  • Spherical sacs

- Surrounded by single membrane

29
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A
  • Contain powerful digestive enzymes

- Enzymes break down materials

30
Q

Where are Chloroplasts found?

A

Plants and some protoctists

31
Q

Describe the structure of Chloroplasts

A
  • Double membrane
  • Separated by a fluid filled space
  • Continuous inner membrane with network of flattened membrane sacs called Thylakoids
32
Q

Describe the structure of the Cell Surface Membrane

A

Continous outer membrane and cell receptors present on surface

33
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A
  • Selectively permeable
  • Controls exchange between cell and environment
  • Receptors on cell surface allow for Endocytosis and Exocytosis
34
Q

Describe the Structure of Centrioles

A
  • Two bundles of Microtubules

- Small tubes of Tubulin protein fibres

35
Q

Where are Centrioles found?

A

In a pair next to nucleus of animal cells

36
Q

What is the function of Centrioles?

A
  • Take part in cell division

- Form spindle fibres, moving chromosomes in cell division

37
Q

Describe the structure of Flagella

A
  • Extension sticking out from the cell
  • Cylinder contains nine microtubules arranged in a circle
  • Long
  • Usually present in 1 or 2
38
Q

What is the function of Flagella

A
  • Acts as a ‘Tail”

- Enables movement

39
Q

Describe the structure of Cilia

A
  • Hair-like extensions
  • Stick out from the cell surface
  • Cylinder contains nine microtubules arranged in a circle
  • Short
  • Usually present in large numbers
40
Q

What is the function of Cilia?

A
  • ‘Hairs’

- Allow for movement of substances

41
Q

What is a Cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibres made from proteins

42
Q

What are the two components of the Cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments and microtubules

43
Q

What do the Actin filaments in the Cytoskeleton cause?

A

They move against each other causing the movement seen in WBC’s. They also move some organelles around within the cell

44
Q

What are Microtubules made from?

A

Tubulin

45
Q

What are Microtubules in the Cytoskeleton used to do?

A

To move microorganisms through a liquid, or waft a liquid past a cell

46
Q

What is the role of the Cytoskeleton?

A
  • Provide mechanical strength for the cell
  • Aids transport within cell
  • Enables cell movement
47
Q

In what two ways does the Cytoskeleton aid transport within the cell?

A
  • Movement of chromosomes during cell division

- Movement of vesicles from the ER to Golgi

48
Q

What type of Ribosomes are present in Eukaryotes?

A

80s ribosomes

49
Q

What type of Ribosomes are present in Prokaryotes?

A

70s Ribosomes

50
Q

What are Prokaryote cell walls made out of?

A

Peptidoglycan

51
Q

What are Eukaryote cell walls made out of?

A

Plants - Cellulose

Fungal - Chitin

52
Q

How is DNA stored in Eukaryotes compared to in Prokaryotes?

A

In Eukaryotes = Stored as Chromosomes within nucleus

In Prokaryotes = DNA is free in Cytoplasm in a single loop and some other little loops called plasmids

53
Q

Where does ATP production take place in Prokaryotes compared to Eukaryotes?

A

In Prokaryotes = In the cell surface membrane

In Eukaryotes = In the Mitochondrial Cristae

54
Q

What type of respiration happens in Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells?

A

In Eukaryotes = Strictly aerobic only

In Prokaryotes = Sometimes capable of anaerobic respiration

AS Biology (12 decks)

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