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AS Biology > Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 4 things that happen in ‘S’ phase

A
  • Synthesis of new DNA
  • DNA replication begins,
  • Chromosomes replicate
  • Occurs very quickly
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2
Q

Name 3 things that happen in G2 phase?

A
  • Cell growth continues
  • Enzymes check DNA
  • (Check if they’ve been
    replicated properly)
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3
Q

Name 3 things that happen in the G1 phase?

A
  • Growth
  • Chromosomes still
    chromatin
  • Amino acids used to
    form millions of proteins
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4
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint check for?

A

Checks for cell size and DNA replication

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5
Q

What does the M checkpoint check for?

A

Checks chromosomes appropriately attached to spindle

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6
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint check for?

A

Checks:

  • Cell size
  • Nutrient availability
  • Growth factor availability
  • Confirms intact DNA
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7
Q

Name the 4 things that happen in Interphase

A
  • DNA replication
  • Organelle doubling
  • Proteins made
  • Cell checks for mutation
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8
Q

6 things happen in Prophase, what are they?

A
  • Chromosomes and Replicated chromosomes supercoil
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Centrioles divide into 2
  • Move to opposite cell ends
  • Spindle forms
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
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9
Q

What 3 things happen in Metaphase?

A
  • Replicated chromosomes line up in middle of the cell
  • Move to central region of spindle
  • Each joins spindle thread by centromere
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10
Q

What 5 things happen in Anaphase?

A
  • Replicas of each chromosome pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell
  • Sister chromatids separate
  • Becoming individual ones
  • Spindle fibers shorten
  • pulling sister chromatids away from each other
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11
Q

What 5 things happen in Telophase?

A
  • 2 nuclei formed
  • Sister chromatids reach
    opposite poles of the cell
  • Nuclear envelopes reform
  • Spindle breaks down
  • Chromosomes uncoil
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12
Q

What 4 things in life cycles are mitosis significant for?

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Growth, identical new cell
  • Repair, damaged cells
  • Replacement, RBC’s
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13
Q

Give 4 things that make Meiosis important in life cycles?

A
  • Takes place in sex organs
  • Gametes produced here
  • Important to have
    genetically different
    gametes
  • Promoting genetic
    variation and allows
    natural selection
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14
Q

What is Recombination?

A

Chromatids swapping genes between themselves, ensuring 4 daughter cells aren’t identical

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15
Q

What 4 things happen in Prophase II?

A
  • Chromosomes pair up
  • Nuclear membrane breaks
    down
  • Centrioles divide in 2
  • Pair of sister chromatids visible ( light microscope )
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16
Q

What 4 things happen in Metaphase II?

A 
- Replicated chromosomes 
 line up down middle of cell
- Centrioles move to 
  opposite poles of the cell, 
  forming spindle
- Chromosomes move to 
  central region of spindle
- Each joins to spindle thread by its centromere
17
Q

What 5 things happen in Anaphase II?

A 
- Sister chromosomes 
pulled apart to poles of cell
- Sister chromatids 
  separated as centromere 
  splits becoming individual 
  chromosomes
- Each one genetically 
  unique
- Spindle fibers shorten
- pulling sister chromatids 
  away from each other
18
Q

What 3 things happen in Telophase II?

A 
- New nuclear envelope 
  forms around each 
  chromatid
- Spindle breaks down and 
  disappears 
- Chromatids uncoil
19
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis II?

A

Cytoplasm and surface membrane divide, creating 4 haploid daughter cells

20
Q

How are Erythrocytes specialised? (4)

A
  • Has no organelles
  • Bi-concave shape
  • Maximises oxygen
    carrying capacity
  • Maximises space for
    haemoglobin
21
Q

How are Neutrophils specialised? (3)

A
  • Lobed nucleus
  • Granular cytoplasm, lots
    of lysosomes
  • Potent enzymes in
    lysosomes specialised to
    kill microorganisms
22
Q

How are Epithelial cells specialised? (2)

A
  • Cover internal/external
    surfaces
  • 2 types squamous/ciliated
23
Q

How are sperm cells specialised? (5)

A 
- Many mitochondria make 
  energy for movement
- head contains specialised 
  lysosomes to break egg
- Small, long and thin 
- Tail propels sperm
- Diploid for Gamete role
24
Q

How are Palisade cells specialised?

A 
- Long shape maximises 
  light absorption
- Contains lots of 
  Chlorophyll
- Specialised for 
  photosynthesis
25
Q

How are Root Hair Cells specialised? (3)

A
  • Hair like projections
  • Greatly increase SA
  • Root able to absorb more
    water+minerals from soil
26
Q

How are guard cells specialised? (4)

A 
- Spiral thickenings of 
  cellulose
- When turgid, cell opens
- When flaccid, stoma 
  closes
- Controlling passage of 
  gases
27
Q

Define ‘Tissue’

A

A group of similar, specialised, cells which collectively carry out a specific functions

28
Q

Define ‘Organ’

A

A group of tissues working together to collectively carry out a specific function which has an effect on entire organism

29
Q

Define ‘Organ System’

A

Collection of organs with related and interdependent functions eg. digestive system

30
Q

Define Pluripotent stem cells

A

Stem cells that can develop into any cell type (including umbilical cord)

31
Q

Define Omnipotent stem cells

A

Can develop into many types of cell

32
Q

Define Multipotent stem cells

A

Can develop into limited/few cells

33
Q

What is Cambium?

A
  • Layer of meristem cells - Lies between Xylem and
    Phloem
  • Divide to produce new
    Xylem andPhloem
34
Q

Where is Squamous epithelia found?

A
  • Oral cavities
  • Blood Vessels
  • Alveoli of lungs
35
Q

Where is Ciliated epithelium found?

A
  • Trachea

- Fallopian tubes

36
Q

How is Squamous epithelium adapted/specialised for its function?

A
  • Some variants are thin and lubricated to enable efficient gas exchange
  • Others reinforced with Keratin to improve resistance to friction

AS Biology (12 decks)

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