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AS Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What reaction causes two monomers to join?

A

Condensation reaction

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2
Q

What is released during a Condensation reaction?

A

A Water Molecule

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3
Q

Give an example of a condensation reaction?

A

When two Glucose molecules join together

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4
Q

What chemical elements compose Nucleic Acids?

A

C,H,O,N,P.

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5
Q

What chemical elements compose Proteins?

A

C,H,O,N.

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6
Q

What Chemical elements contain Carbohydrates and Lipids?

A

C,H,O.

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7
Q

Which reaction is used to split two molecules?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

What type of monosaccharide is Glucose?

A

A Hexose monsaccharide

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9
Q

On which type of Glucose molecule, Alpha or Beta, is the OH group on top?

A

Beta

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10
Q

What type of monosaccharide is Ribose?

A

A Pentose Monosaccharide

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11
Q

What bond is formed by two sugar molecules joining? ( By a condensation reaction)

A

A Glycosidic bond

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12
Q

a-Glucose + a-Glucose =?

A

Maltose

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13
Q

What TWO long-chain

a-Glucose polymers compose STARCH?

A
  • Amylopectin

- Amylose

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14
Q

What is the main energy store material in plants?

A

Starch

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15
Q

Starch is a form of what?

A

Carbohydrate

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16
Q

Why is starch/Starch grains insoluble?

A

So as they don’t effect the water potential up and down the xylem

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17
Q

What type of glycosidic bonds are in Amylose?

A

1,4-Glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

What type of bonds are in Amylopectin?

A

1,4-Glycosidic bonds and

1,6-Glycosidic bonds

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19
Q

What shape does Amylose take?

A

Chains coil into helical shape

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20
Q

What shape does Amylopectin take?

A

Helical, and branched

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21
Q

Wha type of polymer is Glycogen?

A

Multibranched a-Glucose polymer

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22
Q

What material is the main energy store in animals?

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

Where is Glycogen stored?

A

Muscles and liver

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24
Q

What happens to Glycogen in times of high energy usage?

A

-The organs that store it,
Hydrolyse it, and break it
down into glucose molecules -Which can be used in
respiration

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25
Q

Is Glycogen soluble in water?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What Characteristic makes Glycogen optimal for energy storage?

A

-Its compact shape

takes up small space

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27
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Its the major component of cell walls in plants

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28
Q

What type of Glucose molecule is Cellulose made from?

A

b-Glucose

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29
Q

What is the name given to a polymer of approx. 10,000 b-Glucose molecules in a long unbranched chain?

A

Microfibril

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30
Q

Multiple microfibrils create what?

A

Macrofibrils

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31
Q

What makes Cellulose highly stable?

A
  • its composed of several polysaccharide chains running parallel to each other
  • The chains have cross links between them
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32
Q

What type of bond creates the cross links between chains in cellulose?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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33
Q

How does this stability aid plants?

A
  • It renders a plants strength and resistance to wind and rain
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34
Q

How are the atoms in water bonded?

A

Covalently

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35
Q

Why do water molecules attract each other?

A

Polarisation

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36
Q

What are the type of bonds connecting separate water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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37
Q

What is the importance of water being a solvent?

A
  • Any polar molecule will dissolve in water
  • Metabolic processes rely on chemicals being able to react together in solutions
  • Allows cells to maintain concentration gradients
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38
Q

What is the role in living organisms, of water being a solvent?

A
  • 70-95% of cytoplasm is water

- Important chemical reactions take place here

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39
Q

What is the importance of the cohesive properties of water?

A
  • Water molecules stick together, creating surface tension
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40
Q

What is the role of water cohesion in living organisms?

A
  • Transport of water in xylem relies on cohesion of water

- This allows some small organisms to walk on water

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41
Q

What is the importance of the freezing of water?

A
  • It forms ice

- Ice is less dense than water and floats

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42
Q

What is the role of water freezing in living organisms?

A
  • Ice floats to the top allowing organisms to survive under it
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43
Q

What is the importance of the thermal stability of water?

A
  • Large bodies of water have fairly constant temps
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44
Q

What is the role of waters’ thermal stability in living organisms?

A
  • Oceans provide a thermally stable environment

- Evaporating used as a cooling mechanism

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45
Q

What is the importance of waters’ metabolic properties?

A
  • Chemically inert

- It’s a reactant in important chemical processes

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46
Q

What is the role in living organisms of waters’ metabolic properties?

A
  • it’s used in hydrolysis/ photosynthesis

- Very predictable, won’t produce any unexpected products

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47
Q

What are triglycerides and Phospholipids examples of?

A

Macromolecules

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48
Q

What two things are Triglycerides composed of?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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49
Q

What type of bond holds the glycerol and fatty acids in triglycerides together?

A

Ester bonds

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50
Q

What is used to break down ester bonds?

A

Hydrolysis

51
Q

What makes a fatty acid ‘Unsaturated’?

A

A C=C double bond

52
Q

Which feature in an ‘Unsaturated’ fatty acid creates ‘kinks’ in the chain?

A

The C=C bonds

53
Q

What effect does ‘Kinking’ have on the fluidity of the ‘Unsaturated’ fatty acids?

A

Makes them more fluid than saturated fatty acids

54
Q

Why do C=C bonds create ‘kinks’ in unsaturated fatty acids, and subsequently make them more fluid?

A
  • Kinks mean they can’t lay as close

- cannot lay parallel, and are forced apart

55
Q

Which is likely to be more fluid at a set temp, unsaturated or saturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

56
Q

Which 3 molecules are Lipids composed of?

A

C,H,O

57
Q

Which component of Lipids, is the least abundant? (In the lipid)

A

Oxygen

- It is mostly C, and H

58
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

59
Q

Are lipids soluble in alcohol?

A

Yes

60
Q

Why are lipids, NOT classed as polymers?

A
  • They aren’t made of repeating units (like proteins)
61
Q

What functional group is attached to Triglycerides?

A

Carboxylic acid, -COOH

62
Q

What name is given to Triglycerides that we cannot make, so we must ingest them whole?

A

Essential triglycerides

63
Q

Why are fatty acids, ‘acids’?

A

In solution they can ionise to from COO- + H+

- ( If it can form an H+ ion, it is an acid)

64
Q

What is the name given to fatty acids with MORE than one C=C double bond?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

65
Q

What is the name given to fatty acids with ONE C=C double bond?

A

Monounsaturated

66
Q

Give the 5 functions of Triglycerides

A
  • Buoyancy
  • Energy source
  • Energy store
  • Mechanical protection
  • Insulation
67
Q

Why is the insolubility of Triglycerides important cellularly?

A

It means fats can be stored in cells, without disrupting the cells water potential

68
Q

What would happen to a cell if Triglycerides were soluble and entered the cell?

A
  • Water would move into the

cell, causing it to swell/burst

69
Q

What 3 types of molecule compose Phospholipids?

A

Glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group

70
Q

How does the new phosphate group come about in phospholipids?

A

A condensation reaction

71
Q

In phospholipids, what thing will be the same in BOTH fatty acids?

A

The number of carbons

16/18

72
Q

Phospholipids have both Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic parts. What word is used to describe this?

A

Amphipathic

73
Q

Why is the phospholipid bilayer called the ‘ Fluid-mosaic’ model?

A
  • The phospholipids are free to

move around and jostle

74
Q

What type of molecule can pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Small, non-polar, molecules

75
Q

What type of bond is found in cholesterol?

A

An Ester bond

76
Q

The general structure of all amino acids involves one ‘central’ Carbon atom with bonds to which 4 groups:

A
  1. Hydrogen atom
  2. Carboxyl group
  3. Amine group
  4. R group
77
Q

By which bond are amino acids joined?

A

Peptide bonds

78
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

A condensation reaction

79
Q

Which two parts of amino acids cause a condensation reaction, and thus a peptide bond?

A

The ‘OH’ of the Carboxylic acid, and the ‘H’ of the Amine group

80
Q

What type of bond is a peptide bond?

A

A covalent bond

81
Q

What does the protein structure determine?

A

The overall function of the protein

82
Q

Define the ‘Primary structure’ of a protein’.

A

The/A sequence of amino acids.

83
Q

Define the Secondary structure of a protein.

A

The coiling/folding of the amino acid chain

- (into a-helix/ b-pleated sheet)

84
Q

What type of bonding is involved in the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonding

85
Q

Why is secondary protein structure affected by Temperature change?

A

Because the hydrogen bonds involved are weak, and easily disrupted by kinetic energy

86
Q

How do you work out percentage difference?

A

difference/initial

87
Q

What two shapes can from in secondary protein structure?

A
  • A-helix

- B-pleated sheets

88
Q

Give the definition of tertiary protein structure

A

When the a-helices, and b-pleated sheets fold.

89
Q

What causes a disulphide bond/bridge?

A

Two ‘S’ near each other, connected

90
Q

What 4 types of bonds effect tertiary and quaternary protein structure?

A
  • Hydrophilic/Phobic interaction
  • Ionic bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Disulphide bonds/bridges
91
Q

Give the definition of Quaternary protein structure

A

How multiple polypeptide chains are arranged to make a protein

92
Q

What two categories are 3D proteins sorted into?

A
  • Fibrous and Globular
93
Q

Which type of 3D protein is compact?

A

Globular proteins

94
Q

Which type of protein has repetitive primary structure, and simple secondary structure?

A

Fibrous

95
Q

What roles are given generally to fibrous proteins?

A

Structural roles

96
Q

What roles are given to globular proteins?

A

Metabolic roles

97
Q

What type of protein has more complex secondary structure, and primary structure that doesn’t follow a strict pattern?

A

Globular proteins

98
Q

What makes Globular proteins suitable for metabolic roles?

A

They are soluble

99
Q

Which type of protein is more sensitive to PH/Temp change?

A

Globular

100
Q

Name 3 fibrous proteins

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Keratin
101
Q

Collagen: Fibrous or Globular?

A

Fibrous

102
Q

Elastin: Fibrous or Globular?

A

Fibrous

103
Q

Keratin: Fibrous or globular?

A

Fibrous

104
Q

Name 4 places collagen is found

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Arteries
  • Tendons
105
Q

What does collagen do?

A

Provide mechanical strength

106
Q

What does keratin do?

A

Provides mechanical strength

107
Q

What allows keratin to create mechanical strength?

A

Presence of Cysteine

108
Q

Why does the presence of Cysteine allow keratin to make things strong?

A

Cysteine presence gives rise to the formation of disulphide bonds

109
Q

What two aspects of Elastins’ structure give it mechanica strength?

A

Coiling and cross linking

110
Q

Name three places that elastin can be found

A
  • Arteries
  • Skin
  • Lungs and Bladder
111
Q

Give 3 types of Globular protein

A
  • Insulin
  • Pepsin
  • Haemoglobin
112
Q

How many polypeptide chains make up Haemoglobin?

A

4

113
Q

What are ‘Haem groups’?

A

Prosthetic groups

114
Q

What iron do Haem groups contain?

A

An Iron ion

115
Q

The presence of Haem prosthetic groups make Haemoglobin a what?

A

A conjugated protein

116
Q

What is the function of Haemoglobin?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissue

117
Q

How many polypeptide chains are present in Insulin?

A

2 (1a+1b)

118
Q

Both chains in the structure of insulin form what?

A

Their quaternary structure

119
Q

What type of bond links the two chains of insulins’ structure?

A

Disulphide bonds

120
Q

What does each chain in insulin’s structure contain?

A

outer , hydrophilic r groups

121
Q

What is pepsin?

A

A stomach enzyme that digests proteins

122
Q

What is the stationery phase in TLC?

A

-Chromatography paper/plate

123
Q

What is the mobile phase in TLC?

A

The solvent for the molecules

AS Biology (12 decks)

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