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Biology-Cell Structure > Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

The Nuclear Envelope-A double Membrane.

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2
Q

In what type of cell is a nucleus found?

A

All Eukaryotic (other than RBC)

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3
Q

How is the nucleus separated from the cytoplasm?

A

A Double Membrane

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4
Q

What is the size of the nucleus?

A

Relatively Large

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5
Q

What does the nuclear envelope contain?

A

Pores

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6
Q

What does the pores in the nuclear envelope allow?

A

Molecules (mRNA and ribosomes) to enter and leave the nucleus.

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7
Q

What 2 other features does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromatin and nucleolus

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8
Q

What is the nucleolus a site of?

A

Site of ribosome production.

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9
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromosomes made of sections of linear DNA tightly wound around proteins called histones.

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10
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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11
Q

Which Cells is RER found?

A

Plant and Animal Cells

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12
Q

What is the surface of RER covered in?

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

What is RER formed of?

A

Continuous folas of membrane with the nuclear envelope.

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14
Q

What does the RER process?

A

Proteins made by the ribosomes.

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15
Q

Where is the ER found?

A

Plant and Animal Cells.

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16
Q

What on the surface does RER have that ER doesn’t have?

A

Ribosomes, function is distinct to the RER.

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17
Q

What processes is the RER involved in and for what molecules?

A

Production, Processing and storage of lipids, carbohydrates and steroids.

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18
Q

Where is the Golgi Apparatus found?

A

Plant and Animal Cells

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19
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus like?

A

Flattened sacs of membrane, similar to the ER.

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20
Q

What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles.

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21
Q

What does the Golgi Vesicles do?

A

Transport proteins and lipids to destination.

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22
Q

What happens to the proteins that go through the Golgi apparatus?

A

Usually exported, then put into lysosomes or delivered to membrane bound organelles.

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23
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

In all cells.

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24
Q

Which part of the cell are ribosomes found?

A

Found freely in the cytoplasm of all cells or as part of the RER.

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25
Q

What is each ribosome a complex of?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.

26
Q

What ribosomes are in Eukaryote’s?

A

80S ribosomes (60S and 40S subunits)

27
Q

What ribosomes are in Prokaryote’s , Mitochondria and Chloroplasts?

A

70S ribosomes (50S and 30S subunits)

28
Q

What are ribosomes the site of?

A

Translation (Protein Synthesis)

29
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Specialist forms of vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes (break down biological molecules)

30
Q

What do lysosomes break down?

A

Waste materials e.g. worn out organelles.

31
Q

Which specific cells are Lysosomes used in?

A

Used extensively by cells of the immune system and in apoptosis.

32
Q

In what type of cells are chloroplasts found?

A

In plant cells.

33
Q

Are chloroplasts larger or smaller than Mitochondria?

A

Larger.

34
Q

What are chloroplasts surrounded by?

A

A double membrane.

35
Q

What is the membrane bound organelle which contains chlorophyll?

A

Thylakoids

36
Q

What do the Thylakoids do?

A

Stack to form structures called grana.

37
Q

What joins the grana together?

A

Lamellae.

38
Q

Chloroplasts are the site of what

A

site of photosynthesis.

39
Q

Where does the light-independent stage happen?

A

Stroma.

40
Q

Where does the light-dependent stage happen?

A

Thylakoids.

41
Q

What are all cells surrounded by?

A

A Plasma Membrane

42
Q

What is the role of the Plasma Membrane?

A

Controls the exchange of materials between the internal cell environment and the external environment.

43
Q

The Plasma Membrane is…

A

Partially Permeable.

44
Q

The plasma cell membrane is formed from what?

A

A phospholipid bilayer of phospholipids around 10nm wide.

45
Q

The structure looks static, but what is actually constantly moving?

A

The phospholipids and proteins forming the bilayer.

46
Q

What are Centrioles?

A

Hollow fibres made of microtubules.

47
Q

How is a Centrosomes formed?

A

Two centrioles at rights angles to each other.

48
Q

What does a Centrosome do?

A

Organises the spindle fibres during cell division.

49
Q

Where are the Centrioles not found?

A

In flowering plants and fungi.

50
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair like projections.

51
Q

What are cilia made out of?

A

Microtubules.

52
Q

What is the role of cilia?

A

Allows the movement of substances over cell surface.

53
Q

Where is the flagella found?

A

Specialised Cells.

54
Q

What is the structure of the flagella?

A

Made of long microtubes, similar to the cilia.

55
Q

In what cells is the cell wall found?

A

In plant cells only.

56
Q

Where is the cell wall and what is it’s role?

A

Formed outside of the cell membrane and offers structural support to cell.

57
Q

How is this structural support given?

A

Given by the polysaccharide cellulose in plants and pepticloglycan in most bacterial cells.

58
Q

What connects the cytoplasm of neighbouring plant cells to the cell wall?

A

Narrow threads (surrounded by cell membrane) called plasmodesmata.

59
Q

What is the permeability of the cell wall to most substances?

A

Freely permeable.

60
Q

The cell wall is freely permeable, unlike what other sub-cellular structure?

A

The Plasma Cell Membrane.

Biology-Cell Structure (7 decks)

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