Cell theory Flashcards
biology
What do all cells have in common
1)surrounded by a plasma membrane
2) cytoplasm, a jelly like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found
3)DNA, genetic material of cells
4)Composed of same four biomolecules (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins)
5)They have ribosomes (particles that synthesize proteins)
why are cells small?
maximizes their surface area to volume ratio, needs to be able to carry nutrients across the cell membrane! Higher surface area to volume ratio.
what’s the advantage of life to having small cells?
Higher surface are to volume ratio
three domains of life
Bacteria, arches, eukarya
what are some examples of bacteria
Aquifer, gram positives, spirocheles
what are some examples of arches
Halophiles, Thermoproteus
what are some examples of eukarya
animals, fungi, slime molds,
are humans eukarya?
yes
what do eukaryotes have in common with prokaryotes?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA for genes, 4 biomolecules
what do prokaryotic cells have in common with eukaryotic cells?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA for genes, 4 biomolecules
germ theory
diseases are caused my microbes especially bacteria and viruses
what is microflora concept?
different bacteria are found on different parts of the human body
factors affecting microbiome
diet, stress, infant feeding method, pharmaceuticals, geography, life cycle stage, birthing process, pets, biological sex, alcohol, probiotics, workout regimen, genetics
ribosomes
protein synthesis
cell wall
covering that supports, shapes, and protects the cell
nucleiod
location of bacterial chromosome
plasma membrane
sheath around cytoplasm, regulates entrance+exit of molecules
flagellum
tail “filament that aids movement”
fimbriae
hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces
capsule
gel like coating outside of cells
what is microbiome concept?
the community of bacteria found on the human body has interactions between the various types of bacteria and interactions between the bacteria and human host
propionibacterium
skin, nose(acne)
bacteriodes
gut
e coli
gut (low abundance)
streptococcus
oral cavity
staph
external body sites
lactobacillus
vagina
list some different organelles
ribosomes, cell wall, fimbriae
what is unified cell theory?
all living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells
is sexual reproduction unique to prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
prokaryotes
what are peroxisomes responsible for?
The main function of peroxisome is the lipid metabolism and the processing of reactive oxygen species
describe the plasma membrane
a thin, flexible boundary between a cell and its environment
________ are membrane-bound sacs with a variety of functions in cells.
ribosomes
Overall cell size is restricted by the need to ________.
move nutrients/ molecules in and out of the cell
what body parts contain the most mitochondria?
biceps, heart and muscle cells
what kind of cells contain the most mitochondria?
sperm cells
The ________ is a structure unique to animal cells.
lysosome
The ________ works together in the synthesis, modification, packaging, and transport of lipids and proteins.
end-membrane system
Plant cells use their ________ to regulate water concentration.
central vacuole
Keratin is a type of ________ found in hair and nails.
intermediate filaments
Cytosol is a major component of the cytoplasm in ________
prokaryotes
Material enters and leaves the nucleus using pores in the ________.
nuclear membrane
what are intermediate filaments?
ytoskeletal structural components found in the cells of vertebrates, and many invertebrates
do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have a true nucleus?
eukaryotes
Material enters and leaves the nucleus using pores in the ________.
nuclear membrane
what is a true nucleus?
the cell’s DNA is surrounded by a membrane.
What percentage of the human microbiome genome is made of human
genes?
1%
What is a metabolite?
an intermediate or end product of metabolism
Contrast Germ Theory with the Microflora Concept.
Germ Theory focuses on pathogenic microbes as the main culprits of disease, while the Microflora Concept emphasizes the complex relationships between beneficial microbes and their host, advocating for a more integrated understanding of health.
Contrast the Microflora Concept with the Microbiome concept.
the Microflora Concept primarily focuses on the types of microorganisms present, while the Microbiome Concept encompasses their genetic potential, functional interactions, and overall impact on host health.
Contrast the Microflora Concept with the Microbiome concept.
the Microflora Concept is concerned with the types and roles of individual microorganisms, while the Microbiome Concept focuses on the collective genetic and functional capabilities of these communities and their interactions with the host.
what are
smamolecules produced by enzymes
what percentage of metabolites are found in your blood?
30%
Why are we concerned about the metabolites produced by the
bacterial components of our microbiome.
What factors impact your gut microbiome
Birthing process (c section or vaginally) lifecycle stages, stress, diet, pharmaceuticals, geography, infant feeding
Are microbiomes of twins more similar?
Yes
What are the characteristics of autism?
Avoid eye contact, repetitive behavior, rocks body, delayed language skill, gut problems, unusual eating/sleeping, obsessive interest, little interest in others
what are the four membrane functions?
membranes are physical barriers that establish
backbone of the phospholipid bilayer
hydrophillic heads, hydrophobic tails, bilayer, phospholipid, extracellular environment (watery environment), cytoplasm (watery environment)
fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic region of protein, hydrophilic region of protein
why is it called a fluid mosaic bond?
proteins are like the tiles
what are the different actions of membrane proteins
intercellular joining, enzymatic activity, transport (active/passive), cell-cell recognition, anchorage/attatchment, signal transduction
why is fluidity important to membranes?
fluidity is a crucial for membranes to function, If they are not kept fluid they will di
is cholesterol a fluidity buffer?
yes
how does cold weather affect cell membranes?
as it gets colder, membranes begin to gel up
what is a fluidity buffer?
Cholesterol functions as a buffer, preventing lower temperatures from inhibiting fluidity and preventing higher temperatures from increasing fluidity
how might caribou alter saturation levels in phospholipids of different cells to keep the cells functioning across this high range of temperatures?
where might caribou
in heir trunk, unsaturated kinks keeps their membranes fluid
how do molocules get across the membrane
semi permiable
harder to get through(only some molecules can get across the membrane) (small non polar molocule)(ions and larger polar molecules require membrane protein to cross)
permeable
easy to get through
what are the different ways to get across the membrane
end/exocytosis, active transport, facilitated transport, simple diffusion (special case: osmosis)
what its simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
o2, co2, n2, steroid hormones
can ions cross the membrane on their own
no
is there more oxygen inside or outside the cells?
there are always more oxygen outside the cells than inside the cells
simple diffusion
small, non polar, no energy, no protein needed for transport, moves with the concentration gradient
what is the concentration gradient?
the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles
osmosis
movement of water across the membrane
hypertonic
hypertonic
being in a state of abnormally high tension
hypotonic
having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid
salute
water moves from an area of low salute concentration to an area of high salute concentration
isotonic
any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids
what are some simple diffusion molecules?
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, estrogen
what cannot move across the membrane easily?
ions
what is the difference between carrier proteins and
what molecules use facilitated diffusion?
aquaphorin
facilitated transport
what are the 4 types of transport
active transport, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion and
what is active transport
goes against transportation gradient,
