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Cell theory Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all cells have in common

A

1)surrounded by a plasma membrane
2) cytoplasm, a jelly like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found
3)DNA, genetic material of cells
4)Composed of same four biomolecules (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins)
5)They have ribosomes (particles that synthesize proteins)

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2
Q

why are cells small?

A

maximizes their surface area to volume ratio, needs to be able to carry nutrients across the cell membrane! Higher surface area to volume ratio.

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3
Q

what’s the advantage of life to having small cells?

A

Higher surface are to volume ratio

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4
Q

three domains of life

A

Bacteria, arches, eukarya

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5
Q

what are some examples of bacteria

A

Aquifer, gram positives, spirocheles

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6
Q

what are some examples of arches

A

Halophiles, Thermoproteus

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7
Q

what are some examples of eukarya

A

animals, fungi, slime molds,

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8
Q

are humans eukarya?

A

yes

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9
Q

what do eukaryotes have in common with prokaryotes?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA for genes, 4 biomolecules

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10
Q

what do prokaryotic cells have in common with eukaryotic cells?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA for genes, 4 biomolecules

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11
Q

germ theory

A

diseases are caused my microbes especially bacteria and viruses

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12
Q

what is microflora concept?

A

different bacteria are found on different parts of the human body

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13
Q

factors affecting microbiome

A

diet, stress, infant feeding method, pharmaceuticals, geography, life cycle stage, birthing process, pets, biological sex, alcohol, probiotics, workout regimen, genetics

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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15
Q

cell wall

A

covering that supports, shapes, and protects the cell

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16
Q

nucleiod

A

location of bacterial chromosome

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17
Q

plasma membrane

A

sheath around cytoplasm, regulates entrance+exit of molecules

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18
Q

flagellum

A

tail “filament that aids movement”

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19
Q

fimbriae

A

hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces

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20
Q

capsule

A

gel like coating outside of cells

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21
Q

what is microbiome concept?

A

the community of bacteria found on the human body has interactions between the various types of bacteria and interactions between the bacteria and human host

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22
Q

propionibacterium

A

skin, nose(acne)

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23
Q

bacteriodes

A

gut

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24
Q

e coli

A

gut (low abundance)

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25
Q

streptococcus

A

oral cavity

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26
Q

staph

A

external body sites

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27
Q

lactobacillus

A

vagina

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28
Q

list some different organelles

A

ribosomes, cell wall, fimbriae

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29
Q

what is unified cell theory?

A

all living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells

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30
Q

is sexual reproduction unique to prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

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31
Q

what are peroxisomes responsible for?

A

The main function of peroxisome is the lipid metabolism and the processing of reactive oxygen species

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32
Q

describe the plasma membrane

A

a thin, flexible boundary between a cell and its environment

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33
Q

________ are membrane-bound sacs with a variety of functions in cells.

A

ribosomes

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34
Q

Overall cell size is restricted by the need to ________.

A

move nutrients/ molecules in and out of the cell

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35
Q

what body parts contain the most mitochondria?

A

biceps, heart and muscle cells

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36
Q

what kind of cells contain the most mitochondria?

A

sperm cells

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37
Q

The ________ is a structure unique to animal cells.

A

lysosome

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38
Q

The ________ works together in the synthesis, modification, packaging, and transport of lipids and proteins.

A

end-membrane system

39
Q

Plant cells use their ________ to regulate water concentration.

A

central vacuole

40
Q

Keratin is a type of ________ found in hair and nails.

A

intermediate filaments

41
Q

Cytosol is a major component of the cytoplasm in ________

A

prokaryotes

42
Q

Material enters and leaves the nucleus using pores in the ________.

A

nuclear membrane

43
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

ytoskeletal structural components found in the cells of vertebrates, and many invertebrates

44
Q

do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have a true nucleus?

A

eukaryotes

45
Q

Material enters and leaves the nucleus using pores in the ________.

A

nuclear membrane

46
Q

what is a true nucleus?

A

the cell’s DNA is surrounded by a membrane.

47
Q

What percentage of the human microbiome genome is made of human
genes?

A

1%

48
Q

What is a metabolite?

A

an intermediate or end product of metabolism

49
Q

Contrast Germ Theory with the Microflora Concept.

A

Germ Theory focuses on pathogenic microbes as the main culprits of disease, while the Microflora Concept emphasizes the complex relationships between beneficial microbes and their host, advocating for a more integrated understanding of health.

50
Q

Contrast the Microflora Concept with the Microbiome concept.

A

the Microflora Concept primarily focuses on the types of microorganisms present, while the Microbiome Concept encompasses their genetic potential, functional interactions, and overall impact on host health.

51
Q

Contrast the Microflora Concept with the Microbiome concept.

A

the Microflora Concept is concerned with the types and roles of individual microorganisms, while the Microbiome Concept focuses on the collective genetic and functional capabilities of these communities and their interactions with the host.

52
Q

what are

A

smamolecules produced by enzymes

53
Q

what percentage of metabolites are found in your blood?

A

30%

54
Q

Why are we concerned about the metabolites produced by the
bacterial components of our microbiome.

A
55
Q

What factors impact your gut microbiome

A

Birthing process (c section or vaginally) lifecycle stages, stress, diet, pharmaceuticals, geography, infant feeding

56
Q

Are microbiomes of twins more similar?

A

Yes

57
Q

What are the characteristics of autism?

A

Avoid eye contact, repetitive behavior, rocks body, delayed language skill, gut problems, unusual eating/sleeping, obsessive interest, little interest in others

58
Q

what are the four membrane functions?

A

membranes are physical barriers that establish

59
Q

backbone of the phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophillic heads, hydrophobic tails, bilayer, phospholipid, extracellular environment (watery environment), cytoplasm (watery environment)

60
Q

fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic region of protein, hydrophilic region of protein

61
Q

why is it called a fluid mosaic bond?

A

proteins are like the tiles

62
Q

what are the different actions of membrane proteins

A

intercellular joining, enzymatic activity, transport (active/passive), cell-cell recognition, anchorage/attatchment, signal transduction

63
Q

why is fluidity important to membranes?

A

fluidity is a crucial for membranes to function, If they are not kept fluid they will di

64
Q

is cholesterol a fluidity buffer?

A

yes

65
Q

how does cold weather affect cell membranes?

A

as it gets colder, membranes begin to gel up

66
Q

what is a fluidity buffer?

A

Cholesterol functions as a buffer, preventing lower temperatures from inhibiting fluidity and preventing higher temperatures from increasing fluidity

67
Q

how might caribou alter saturation levels in phospholipids of different cells to keep the cells functioning across this high range of temperatures?

A
68
Q

where might caribou

A

in heir trunk, unsaturated kinks keeps their membranes fluid

69
Q

how do molocules get across the membrane

A
70
Q

semi permiable

A

harder to get through(only some molecules can get across the membrane) (small non polar molocule)(ions and larger polar molecules require membrane protein to cross)

71
Q

permeable

A

easy to get through

72
Q

what are the different ways to get across the membrane

A

end/exocytosis, active transport, facilitated transport, simple diffusion (special case: osmosis)

73
Q

what its simple diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

74
Q
A

o2, co2, n2, steroid hormones

75
Q

can ions cross the membrane on their own

A

no

76
Q

is there more oxygen inside or outside the cells?

A

there are always more oxygen outside the cells than inside the cells

77
Q

simple diffusion

A

small, non polar, no energy, no protein needed for transport, moves with the concentration gradient

78
Q

what is the concentration gradient?

A

the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles

79
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across the membrane

80
Q

hypertonic

A
81
Q
A
82
Q

hypertonic

A

being in a state of abnormally high tension

83
Q

hypotonic

A

having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

84
Q

salute

A

water moves from an area of low salute concentration to an area of high salute concentration

85
Q

isotonic

A

any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids

86
Q

what are some simple diffusion molecules?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, estrogen

86
Q

what cannot move across the membrane easily?

A

ions

87
Q

what is the difference between carrier proteins and

A
88
Q

what molecules use facilitated diffusion?

A
89
Q

aquaphorin

A

facilitated transport

90
Q

what are the 4 types of transport

A

active transport, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion and

91
Q

what is active transport

A

goes against transportation gradient,

92
Q
A

biology (5 decks)

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