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Bio Module 2 > Cell stucture 2.1 > Flashcards

Cell stucture 2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times bigger the image is compared to the actucal size of the object

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to see two objects that are close together as two separate objects, or the ability to see detail

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3
Q

Positives of a light microscope

A

+ cheap
+ portable
+ easy to use
+ can view whole living specimens

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4
Q

Negatives of a light microscope

A
  • low magnification
  • low resolution
  • specimens have to be thin to let light through
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5
Q

What is the maximum resolution and magnification of a light microscope?

A

magnification - X1500
resolution - 200nm

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6
Q

Laser scanning confocal microscope

A
  • can observe whole living specimens
  • high resolution
  • high contrast
  • focuses on structures at different depths within a specimen
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7
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A
  • uses electrons
  • samples have to be dead in a vacuum
  • 2D image
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8
Q

What is the maximum resolution and magnification of a TEM

A

magnification - X500,000
resolution - 0.02nm

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9
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • 3D image
  • gives detailed surface view of the outside of cells
  • electrons bounce off specimens
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10
Q

What is the maximum resolution and magnification of a SEM

A

magnification - X100,000
resolution - 0.5-0.1nm

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11
Q

Positives of electron mircoscopes

A

+ higher resolution
+ SEM gives 3D images giving detailed views of cell surfaces
+ produce detailed images of structures inside cells

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12
Q

Negatives of electron microscopes

A
  • expensive
  • need trained staff
  • samples need to be dead due to the vacuum
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13
Q

What is the calculation for magnification?

A

Magnification = Image / Actual object

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14
Q

What is the distance between each small division on the stage mircometer?

A

10 micrometers

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15
Q

What equipment do you need to calibrate a microscope?

A
  • stage micrometer
  • eyepiece graticule
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16
Q

How do you calibrate a microscope?

A

You need to work out how many micrometers each eyepeice unit represents

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17
Q

what is the standard distance of 1 EPU at each magnification?

A

X40 - 25 micrometers
X100 - 10 micrometers
X400 - 4 micrometers

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18
Q

What is ultrastructure?

A

Anything inside the cell

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19
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

An organism that consists of one or more cells contain DNA in a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles separate from the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Which of the kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

Animal, plant, fungi and protoctist

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21
Q

Nucleus

A
  • stores organisms genome
  • transmits genetic information
  • provides instructions for genetic info
  • double membrane bound
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22
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • separates contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell
  • double membrane
  • contains pores
  • contols what substances enter and leave the cell
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23
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • not membrane bound
  • contained RNA
  • where ribosomes are made
24
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • system of membranes continuous with the nuclear membrance, coated in ribisomes
  • processes proteins
25
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A
  • system of membranes continuous with the nuclear membrance
  • synthesises and processes lipids
26
Q

Golgli apparatus

A
  • stack of membrane bound flattened sacks
  • packages and modifies proteins
27
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • double membrane where the inside membrane is highly folded
  • site of ATP production and aerobic respiration
  • has its own DNA and ribosomes
28
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contains stacks of thylakoids called granum
  • found in a fluis called stroma
  • has its own DNA and ribosomes
29
Q

Vacuole

A
  • surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast and is filled with fluid
  • filled with water and solutes to push against cell walls to make the cell turgid
30
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • small bags formed from the golgi
  • contain digestive enzymes
  • digest old organelles or foreign bodies
31
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • masde of RNA
  • site of proteinsynthesis
32
Q

Cell wall

A
  • rigid structure that surrounds cells
  • acts as a defense mechanism
  • cellulose in plant cells
  • chitin in fungi
  • peptidoglycan in bacteria
33
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • membrane found on the surface of cells
  • regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • network of protein structures
  • give support to the cell
  • allow tracks for intracellular transportation
  • aid in mitosis
  • anchor organelles
35
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • 6-7nm diameter
  • long chains of protiens that form double helix
  • create pathways for the motor proteins
  • gives the cell shape and structure
  • can assemble and dissassemble
36
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • 8-10nm diamete
  • multiple strands of fiborous protein wound together
  • permanent
  • anchors organelles in place
  • bears tension and maintains cell shape
37
Q

Microtubules

A
  • 25nm diameter
  • tublin proteins arranged to form a hollow tube
  • can assemble and dissassemble
  • provides tracks for motor proteins
  • forms spindles to aid in mitosis
38
Q

Flagella

A
  • long hair like structure that extends from cell surface
  • 9 pairs of microtubles arranged in a circle with a pair in the centre
  • contains motor proteins that move along microtubules generating force, causing it to beatl allow for cellular locomotion
39
Q

Cilia

A
  • many microtubules extending from cell surface
  • move to waft mucus
  • 9 pairs of microtubles arranged in a circle with a pair in the centre
40
Q

Centrosomes

A
  • stuctures that act as microtubule organising centre
  • centrioles perpendicular to each other
  • duplicate before cell division
41
Q

Centrioles

A
  • found only in animal cells
  • hollow cylinders of microtubules
  • involved with separation of chromosomes during mitosis
42
Q

What does cis face mean?

A

Facing the nucleus

43
Q

What does trans face mean?

A

Facing away from the nucleus

44
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

45
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A single celled organism without a nucleus that does not contain membrane bound organanelles

46
Q

What are three examples of single celled eukaryotes?

A

Yeast, amoeba and paramecium

47
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

The theory that mitochondria and chlopoplasts in eukaryotic cells were once separate prokaryotic microbes

48
Q

What are the ultrastructures of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • nuclear envelople
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • RER
  • SER
  • golgi apparatus
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
  • chloroplast
  • vacuole
  • cytoskeleton
49
Q

What are the ultrastructure of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • slime capsule
  • flagellum
  • plasmid
  • pili
  • mesosome
  • infolding of plasma membrane
  • circular DNA
  • cytoskeleton
50
Q

What is a mesosome?

A

Infolding of the plasma membrane which helps the formation of new cell walls and is associated with DNA during cell division

51
Q

What is infolding of the plasma membrane?

A

May form a photosynthetic membrane or carry out nitrogen fixation

52
Q

What is pili?

A

It is there for attachment to other cells

53
Q

What are characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  • linear DNA
  • binary fission
  • contain cytoskeleton
  • no histones
  • smaller ribosomes
54
Q

What kind of stain stains nucleus?

A

Methylene blue

55
Q

What does staining do?

A

Provides contrast so specimens are easier to see and observe

56
Q

What is sectioning?

A

Embedding a species in wax to make it easier to cut without distorting

Bio Module 2 (6 decks)

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