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Bio Module 2 > Cell division, cell diversity & cell differentiation 2.6 > Flashcards

Cell division, cell diversity & cell differentiation 2.6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Replicates of chromosomes

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2
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • interphase
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Type of nuclear division that maintains the chromosome number

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4
Q

What is the importance of mitosis?

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • growth
  • tissue repair
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5
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
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6
Q

What happens during prophase in mitosis?

A
  • DNA supercoils and condenses becoming visible
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle fibres form
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7
Q

What happens during metaphase in mitosis?

A
  • Chromatids attach to the spindle fibres by their centromeres
  • line up in the equator region
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8
Q

What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

A
  • centromere of each pair of chromatids splits
  • spindle fibres contract
  • sister chromatids are pulled to opposite directions
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9
Q

What happens during telophase in mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes reach the poles
  • nuclear envelope forms
  • chromosomes uncoil and decondense
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10
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in mitosis?

A

Plasma membrane folds inwards and rips the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm of a cell following mitosis

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12
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A
  • G1
  • s
  • G2
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13
Q

What are the two main checkpoints during the cell cycle?

A
  • G1 checkpoint
  • G2 checkpoint
  • spindle assembly checkpoint
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14
Q

What are the purpose of the checkpoints?

A
  • prevent uncontrolled division
  • detect and repair damage to DNA
  • ensure the cell cycle is not reversed
  • ensure DNA is only duplicated once
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15
Q

What happens during the M phase of the cell cycle?

A
  • cell stops growing
  • cell undergoes nuclear division
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16
Q

What happens during the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A
  • It is a resting phase
  • cells may undergo apoptosis, differentiation or senescence
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17
Q

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A
  • cell growth
  • organelles duplicate
  • trancription to create RNA
  • protein synthesis
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18
Q

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A
  • cell now has to commit to completing the cycle
  • DNA replicates
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19
Q

What happens during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A
  • Cells grows
  • proteins involved with mitosis are stimulated
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20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Type of nuclear division that results in the formation of cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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21
Q

How does meiosis produce genetic variation?

A
  • crossover
  • independent assortment of homologous pairs of chromosomes
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22
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A
  • prophase 1
  • metaphase 1
  • anaphase 1
  • telophase 1
  • prophase 2
  • metaphase 2
  • anaphase 2
  • telophase 2
23
Q

What happens during prophase 1 in meiosis?

A
  • DNA supercoils and becomes visible
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle threads form
  • homologous chromosomes join together to form a bivalent
  • crossover occurs
24
Q

What happens during metaphase 1 in meiosis?

A
  • bivalents line up on the equator
  • attached to spindles by the centromeres
  • independent assortement of homologous chromosomes
  • the way the chromosomes line up depends whcih pole they will be pulled to
25
Q

What happens during anaphase 1 in meiosis?

A
  • members of each pair of homologous chromosomes are pulled appart
  • centromeres do not split
  • spindle fibres contract
26
Q

What happens during telophase 1 in meiosis?

A
  • nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
  • cell undergoes cytokinesis
27
Q

What happens during prophase 2 in meiosis?

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down again
  • chromosomes coil and condense
  • spindle fibres form
28
Q

What happens during metaphase 2 in meiosis?

A
  • chromosomes line up at the equator
  • spindle threads attached to the centromere
  • independent assortment happenes again
29
Q

What happens during anaphase 2 in meiosis?

A
  • centromeres divide
  • chromatids of each chromosome are pulled appart to opposite poles
  • chromatids are randomly segregated
30
Q

What happens during telophase 2 in meiosis?

A
  • Nuclear envelope forms around each of the 4 haploid cells
  • cytokinesis
  • chromatids uncoil and decondense
31
Q

what is differentiation?

A

The process by which stem cells become specialised into different types of cells

32
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell

33
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

A white blood cell

34
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell able to express all its genes and divide by mitosis

35
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised?

A
  • large SA:V
  • flexible cytoskeleton so they can change shape
  • contain no nucleus, mitochondria or ER
36
Q

How are neutrophils specialised?

A
  • contain multilobed nucleus
  • ingest pathogens by phagocytosis
  • attracted to infection sites by chemotaxis
37
Q

How are spermatozoa specialised?

A
  • lots of mitochondria to provide ATP for undulipodium
  • long and thin to move easily
  • enzymes from the acrosome digest outer layer of the ovarum
38
Q

How is squamous epithelial tissue specialised?

A
  • squashed epithelial cells
  • lign the alveoli
  • thin
39
Q

How is cilliated epithelial tissue specialised?

A
  • contain no blood vessels
  • short cell cycle
  • protection, absorption, filtration and excretion
40
Q

How is cartilage specialised?

A
  • reduces friction and protective
  • fibrous (vertabrae discs)
  • elastic (outer ear)
  • hyaline (trachea)
41
Q

How is muscle tissue specialised?

A
  • well vascularised
  • elongated and contain myoligaments
  • fibres
  • skeletal, cardiac, smooth
42
Q

How are palisade cells specialised?

A
  • large vacuole - chloroplast are closer to the leaf surface
  • many chloroplast
  • little space between cells for air to circulate
43
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A
  • large SA
  • carrier proteins in plasma membrane for active transport
  • produces ATP for active transport
44
Q

How are guard cells specialised?

A
  • found in lower epidermis
  • tips are more flexible
  • rigid and thicker in the middle
45
Q

How is epidermal tissue specialised?

A
  • consists of flattened cells
  • protective covering
  • waxy surface
46
Q

How is xylem specialised?

A
  • dead hollow cells
  • ligned with lignin so waterproof
  • carry water up the plant
47
Q

How is phloem specialised?

A
  • consists of companion cells and sieve tubes
  • companion cells retain orgnelles
  • companion cells provide ATP for active transport
48
Q

What does differentiation involve?

A

The expression of some genes and not others

49
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A
  • can turn into any cell including placenta
  • 5 days after
50
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A
  • can turn into any human specialised cell
  • after 5 days
51
Q

What does multipotent mean?

A
  • already differentiated and can turn into groups of specialised cells
  • after you have been born
52
Q

What does potency mean?

A

The ability to differentiate

53
Q

What are the uses of stem cells?

A
  • bone marrow transplant
  • testing for drug toxicity
  • research parkinsons disease

Bio Module 2 (6 decks)

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