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HISTO > Cell Structures and their Functions > Flashcards

Cell Structures and their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

resembles organs

A

Organelles

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2
Q

 Specialized structures in cells that perform
specific functions
 Example: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes

A

Organelles

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3
Q

 Jelly-like substance that holds organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

beneath cellmembrane(adjacent) outer (non-granulated) layer of the cytoplasm

A

Ectoplasm

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5
Q

between the cytoplasm and cell nucleus inner (often granulated), dense part of a cell’s cytoplasm

A

Endoplasm

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6
Q

2 zones of cytoplasm

A

Ectoplasm
Endoplasm

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7
Q

 Also termed the plasma membrane
 A structure that encloses the cytoplasm

A

Cell Membrane

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8
Q

Functions of the cell

A

-Smallest unit of life (Basic building of life)
-Cell metabolism and energy use (metabolic reactions and energy, biological reactions)
-Synthesis of molecules, union of chemical elements or degradation
-Communication (chemical signals like neurotransmitters (stimuli))
-Reproduction and inheritance (sex cells and DNA)

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9
Q

 Looked at a piece of cork under a microscope.
 He saw the chambers he saw as cells.

A

Robert Hooke, 1665

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10
Q

 Studied organisms found in pond water.
 He called there organism animalcules.

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1665-75

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11
Q

 Summarizes the findings of many scientists and
cocluded that all living organisms are made of
cells.
 This formed the basis of the Cell Theory of
Biology, which disproved spontaneous generation

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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12
Q

What theory disporved Spontaneous Generation

A

Cell Theory of Biology

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13
Q

Cell Theory states that:

A

-All organisms are composed of cells
-The cell is the structural unit of life
-Cells arise by division of pre existing cells
-Cells can be cultured to produce more cells

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14
Q

 is the outer most component of a cell.
 It forms a boundary between material in inside
the cell and the outside.
 It acts as a selective barrier.

A

Cell Membrane

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15
Q

Materials inside the cell membrane are

A

Intracellular

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16
Q

Materials outside the cell membrane are

A

Extracellular

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17
Q

is the model used to
describe the cell membrane structure.

A

The Fluid-mosaic model

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18
Q

The Cell membrane contains:

A

phospholopids,
cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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19
Q

 form a bilayer.
 contain 2 regions: Polar and
Nonpolar.
 has a polar head region
that is hydrophilic and a nonpolar tail region
that is hydrophobic.

A

Phospholipids

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Lipid soluble materials can pass a Phospholipid structure

A

TRUE

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The polar region of a phospholipid is exposed to water around the membrane.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The nonpolar region is facing the interior of the
membrane.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

are settled into the phospholipid bilayer, and are helpful for transporting large molecules like glucose across the membrane

A

Integral Proteins

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24
Q

may be attached to integral proteins, and they help with transport and communication

A

Peripheral Proteins

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25
Q

 is a large organelle usually located
near the center of the cell.
 is bounded by a nuclear envelope,
which consists of outer and inner membranes
with a narrow space between them.
 The membrane contains nuclear pores,
through which materials can pass into or out of

A

NUCLEUS

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26
Q

contains nuclear pores,
through which materials can pass into or out of
the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Membrane

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27
Q

bounds the nucleus and consists of outer and inner membranes with a narrow space between them.

A

Nuclear Envelope

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28
Q

The nuclei of human cells contain __ pairs of
chromosomes which consists of DNA and
proteins.

A

23

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29
Q

During most of a cell’s life, the chromosomes are
loosely coiled and collectively called

A

Chromatin

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

When a cell prepares to divide, the
chromosomes become tightly coiled and are
visible when viewed with a macroscope.

A

FALSE, Microscope

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31
Q

Within the nucleus are _____, which are
diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane
that are found within the nucleus.

A

Nucleoli

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32
Q

a type of cytoplasmic
organelle, are formed within a nucleolus.

A

Ribosomes

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

There are usually one to few nucleoli within
the nucleus.

A

FALSE, One to several

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34
Q

ribosomal components exit the nucleus
through ____

A

Nuclear pores

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35
Q

bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes

A

Histones

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36
Q

 components are produced in the
nucleolus.
 are the organelles where proteins are
produced.

A

Ribosomes

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37
Q

may be attached to other organelles,
such as the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Ribosomes

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38
Q

Ribosomes that are not attached to any other
organelle are called _____

A

Free Ribosomes

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39
Q

single type rna involved in protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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40
Q

non coding RNA, most of which is produced in the nucleolus,
is assembled with ribosomal proteins to form
small and large ribosomal subunits.

A

rRNA

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41
Q

_____ produced in the cytoplasm,
are transported through nuclear pores into the
nucleolus

A

Ribosomal Proteins

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42
Q

_____ produced in the cytoplasm,
are transported through nuclear pores into the
nucleolus

A

Ribosomal Proteins

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43
Q

The small and large subunits, now in the
cytoplasm, combine with each other and with
mRNA during ___________

A

Protein Synthesis

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Smooth ER is continuous with Rough ER in most cells

A

TRUE

45
Q

is a series of membranes forming sacs tubules that extends
from the outer nuclear membrane into the
cytoplasm.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

46
Q

Has continuous cisternae

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

47
Q

is involved in protein synthesis
and is rough due to attached ribosomes

A

Rough ER

48
Q

has no attached ribosomes and
is a site for lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification,
and it stores calcium ions in skeletal muscle cells

A

Smooth ER

49
Q

 consists of closely packed stacks of
curved, membrane-bound sacs.
 It collects, modifies, packages, and distributes
proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER.
 forms vesicles, some of
which are secretory vesicles, lysosomes, and
other vesicles.
 has separated CISTERNAE

A

Golgi Apparatus

50
Q

also called the Golgi Complex

A

Golgi Apparatus

51
Q

(facing golgi) protein sythseized by rough er enters golgi

A

CIS phase

52
Q

proteins and glycoproteins bind with receptors and exit golgi

A

TRANS phase

53
Q

The 2 Golgi phases

A

CIS phase
TRANS phase

54
Q

 are membrane-bound vesicles formed
from the Golgi Apparatus.
 They contain a variety of enzymes that function as
intracellular digestive systems.

A

Lysosomes

55
Q

Vesicles formed by __________ may fuse with
Lysosomes in order to breakdown materials in the
_________ vesicles.

A

Endocytosis, Endocytotic

56
Q

Called “suicide bags”

A

Lysosomes

57
Q

Process of Lysosome action

A
  1. A vesicle forms around material outside the cell.
  2. The vesicle is pinched off from the cell membrane
    and becomes a separate vesicle inside the cell
  3. A lysosome is pinched off the Golgi Apparatus.
  4. The lysosome fuses with the vesicle.
  5. The enzymes from the lysosome mix with the
    material in the vesicle, and the enzymes digest the
    material.
58
Q

 are small, membrane-bound
vesicles containing enzymes that break down
fatty acids, amino acids,and hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2).
 Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of fatty acid
and amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a
cell.
 Smaller than Lysosomes

A

Peroxisomes

59
Q

contain the enzyme catalase,
which eliminates excess hydrogen peroxide by
breaking it down into water and oxygen
molecules.

A

Peroxisomes

60
Q

Contains DNA aside from the Nucleus

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

 are small organelles responsible for producing
considerable amounts of ATP by aerobic (with 02)
metabolism.
 They have inner and outer membranes
separated by a space

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

Singular form of Mitochondria

A

Mitochondrion

63
Q

The outer membranes have a smooth contour,
but the inner membranes have numerous folds,
called _____, which project into the interior of
the mitochondria.

A

Cristae

64
Q

The material within the inner membrane is the
mitochondrial _____ and contains enzymes and
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

A

matrix

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Cells with a large energy requirement have (less)
mitochondria than cells that require less energy.

A

FALSE, more

66
Q

Powerhouse of the cell - produces the energy
molecule ATP.

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

separates the intermembrane space of the Mitochondria from the cytosol. The whole exchange of metabolites, cations and information between mitochondria and the cell

A

Outer membrane

68
Q

The Mitochondrial membrane that is folded

A

Inner Membrane

69
Q

 gives internal framework to
the cell.
 It consists of protein structures that support the
cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell
to change shape.

A

Cytoskeleton

70
Q

Protein structures found in Cytoskeleton

A

microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

71
Q

 are hollow structure formed from
protein subunits.
 perform a variety of roles,
including helping to support the cytoplasm of
cells, assisting in cell division, and forming
essential components of certain organelles, such
as cilia and flagella.
 determine cell shape and function
in intracellular movement of organelles and
secretory granules and form spindles that guide
the movement of chromosomes during cell
division or mitosis.

A

Microtubules

72
Q

Thickest type of Microtubules, moves cellular components cell to cell

A

alpha and beta tubulin

73
Q

 are small fibrils formed from
protein subunits that structurally support the
cytoplasm, determining cell shape.
 Some are involved with cell
movement.
 in muscle cells enable the cells to
shorten, or contract

A

Microfilaments

74
Q

thinnest type of cytoskeleton Microfilaments

A

Actin

75
Q

is the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells

A

Actin

76
Q

 are fibrils formed from
protein subunits that are smaller in diameter
than microtubules but larger in diameter than
microfilaments.
 They provide mechanical support to the cell.
 A specific type of this filament is
keratin, a protein associated with skin cells.

A

Intermediate Filaments

77
Q

a protein associated with skin cells.

A

Keratin

78
Q

Several strands of fibrous proteins

A

Intermediate Filaments

79
Q

is a specialized area of
cytoplasm close to the nucleus where
microtubule formation occurs.
It contains two centrioles, which are normally
oriented perpendicular to each other.

A

Centrosome

80
Q

centrioles are oriented _____ to each other

A

perpendicular

81
Q

is involved in the process of mitosis, and gives a cartwheel appearance

A

Centriole

82
Q

 project from the surface of certain cells.
 They are responsible for the movement of
materials over the top of cells, such as mucus.
 are cylindrical structures that extend from
the cell and are composed of microtubules.

A

Cilia

83
Q

Highly motile surface extensions

A

Cilia

84
Q

 have a structure similar to that of cilia
but are much longer, and they usually occur only
one per cell.
 Sperm cells each have one flagellum, which
propels the sperm cell.

A

Flagella

85
Q

 are specialized extensions of the cell
membrane that are supported by microfilaments.
 They do not actively move as cilia and flagella do.
 are numerous on cells that have them
and they increase the surface area of those cells.
 They are abundant on the surface of cells that
line the intestine, kidney, and other areas in
which absorption is an important function.

A

Microvilli

86
Q

aids in absorption

A

Microvilli

87
Q

The Cell Cycle involves:

A

 G1 - first snap
 S - DNA synthesis (replication)
 G2 - second gap
 M - mitosis

88
Q
  • Division of the cytoplasm.
  • This usually occurs with mitosis, but in some
    organisms this is not so
A

Cytokinesis

89
Q

During growth and development, _______
occurs to increase the number of cells or replace
damaged or dying ones.

A

Cell Division

90
Q

The cell cycle includes two major phases:

A

Inerphase and cell dividing phase (Mitosis)

91
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Cell division involves a cell cycle

A

TRUE

92
Q

A phase in the cell cycle that is nondividing

A

Interphase

93
Q

the cell dividing phase

A

Mitosis

94
Q

A cell spends most of its life cycle in _______
performing its normal functions.

A

Interphase

95
Q

During interphase, the DNA (located in
chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus) is _____

A

Replicated

96
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The two strands of DNA separate from each
other, and each strand serves as a template for
the production of a new strand of DNA.

A

TRUE

97
Q

Each human cell (except ______)
contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46.

A

Reproductive cells (Sperm and Egg)

98
Q

The sperm and egg contain __ chromosomes
total.

A

23

99
Q

One pair of chromosomes are the sex
chromosomes, which consist of

A

X and Y Chromosome

100
Q

XX chromosome combination is

A

FEMALE

101
Q

XY chromosome combination is

A

MALE

102
Q
  • Any cell in the body except the reproductive
    cell.
  • Chromosomes are usually in pairs, thus their
    nuclei are called: Diploid.
  • Mitosis (two daughter cells)
  • Examples: Skin, Blood, Muscle cells
A

SOMATIC CELLS

103
Q
  • A cell that gives rise to reproductive cell.
  • Consists of one set of chromosome, thus
    their nuclei are called: Haploid.
  • Meiosis (four dauther cells)
  • Examples: Sperm and Ova (gametes)
A

Germ Cell (aka Gamete)

104
Q
  • Not replaced when damaged.
  • Nerve cells.
  • Muscle cells.
A

Permanent Cells

105
Q
  • Can be replaced when damaged.
  • Liver cells.
A

Stable Cells

106
Q
  • Constantly replaced.
  • Skin.
  • Gastrointestinal organs.
  • Blood cells.
A

Renewing Cells

HISTO (4 decks)

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