Cell Structures and their Function Flashcards
Within a cell, specialized structure performs specific functions
organelles
living material surrounding the nucleus
cytoplasm
cytoplasm is enclosed by
cell membrane or plasma membrane
other term for cell membrane
plasma membrane
four main functions of a cell
- cell metabolism and energy use
- synthesis of molecules
- communication
- reproduction and inheritance
energy released during metabolism is used for cell activities
cell metabolism and energy use
cell synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acid and lipids
synthesis of molecules
cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals
communication
each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual
reproduction and inheritance
substance outside the cell
extracellular
inside the cell
cytoplasmic or intracellular
other term for cytoplasmic
intracellular
functions of a cell membrane
- supporting the cell contents
- acting as a selective barrier that determines what moves into and out of the cell
- playing a role in communication between cell
two major types of molecules in cell membrane
- phospholipids
- proteins
allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cell
selectively permeable
passive membrane transport mechanism
- diffusion
- osmosis
- facilitated diffusion
active membrane mechanism
- active transport
- secondary active transport
- endocytosis
- exocytosis
composed of two major parts, solutes and solvents
solution
dissolved in a predominant liquid or gas
solutes
predominant liquid or gas
solvent
solute moving from higher concentration to a lower concentration in solution
diffusion
difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points divided by the distance between the two points
concentration gradient
diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
osmosis occurs when…
cell membrane is less permeable, selectively permeable, or not permeable to solutes and a concentration gradient for water exist across the cell membrane
force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmotic pressure
hypo
under
solution has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the vell
hypotonic
if the cells swells enough, it can rupture, a process called
lysis
solution has higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water
hypertonic
cell shrinkage
crenation
medial transport process involving membrane proteins such as channels or carrier proteins, to move substance across the cell membrane
facilitated diffusion
constantly allow ions to pass through
leak channels
limit the movement if ions across the membrane by opening and closing
gated channel
proteins within the cell membrane, are also involved in facilitated diffusion
carrier molecules
carrier molecules exhibit ……
specificity
utilizes membrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane
active transport
from lower concentration to a higher concentration
active transport
active transport requires energy in a form of …..
ATP
genetic disorder that affects the active transport of Cl- intro cells
cystic fibrosis
active transport of one substance across the cell membrane
secondary active transport
moves in the same direction as the transported substance
contransport
moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance
countertransport
uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle
endocytosis
used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested
phagocytosis
a much smaller vesicle are formed and contains liquid rather than solid particles
pinocytosis
release of substance front the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with a cell membrane
exocytosis
contents of the nucleus is separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by a
nuclear envelope
the inner and outer membranes of the nucleus come together to form
nuclear pores
this genetic material is organized into 23 pairs of
chromosome
how many pairs of chromosome
23
when chromosome are loosely coiled, they are called
chromatin
diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are fond within the nucleus
nucleoli
where proteins are produced
ribosome
forming sacs and tubules hat extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
attached with ribosome
rough er
without attached ribosome
smooth er
golgi apparatus or
golgi complex
closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sac
golgi apparatus
membrane bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus
lysosome
inability of lysosomal enzyme to break down the carbohydrate glycogen produced in certain cells
pompe disease
small, membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes that breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, hydrogen peroxide
peroxisome
small organelle with inner and outer membranes separated by a space
mitochondria
inner membranes in the mitochondira have numerous folds called
cristae
material within the inner membrane of the mitochondria
mitochondrial matrix
contains enzyme in mitochondria
mitochondrial DNA
