Cell Structures Flashcards
Cytoplasm
-Substance inside the cell
-80% water plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ions
-Contains the cell’s cytoskeleton, provides structure, shape, function
The Nucleoid
-Bacterial chromosome: circular threat of DNA
Plasmids
extrachromosomal genetic elements (non-crucial genes like antibiotic resistance, production of toxins, etc)
Ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis; protein and rRNA
70S in bacteria
50S+30S subunits
Endospores
-Thick walled structures formed in bacterial cells (when there’s scarcity)
-Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, radiation
-Produced by bacillus and clostridium
Sporulation/Germination
vegetative cells undergo developmental change to become highly resistant/
return to vegetative state
Eukaryotic cells
Cell wall: plants, algae, fungi (NOT animals)
Glycocalyx: carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane (Found in animal cells)
-presence of sterols (types of steroids)
-carbohydrates coat cell surface
Ribosomes in Eukaryotic cells
Membrane bound in rough ER, free in cytoplasm
80S
40S and 60S subunits
The Nucleus
double membrane structure (nuclear envelope) contains DNA
-During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Folded transport network
Smooth, rough
Golgi Apparatus
Transport organelles (~UPS, FedEx)
Organelles
subcellular structures that perform a specific function in the cell
Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes
Vacuoles
bring food into cells, shape and storage
Peroxisomes
break down toxic materials
Centrosomes-form mitotic spindle
