Cell structure and function

Question 1

What are some features of the structure of prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

• cell wall
  -flagellum
• no nucleus( why they are pro and not eu karyotes)
• no membrane bound organelles
• asexual reproduction
• single circular chromosomes

Question 2

What are some of the features of the structure of Eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

• Nucleus
• linear chromosomes
• sexual reproduction via meiosis
• membrane bound organelles
• cell membrane

Question 3

What are cell organelles

Answer 3

specialised sub units with specific functions

Question 4

What are some features of the nucleus

Answer 4

• nuclear envelope has 2 lipid bilayers
• contains genetic information (DNA)
• DNA for protein production
• membrane pores for transport

Question 5

What are some features of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

• extensive network of fluid filled membranes
• half total membrane in eukaryotic cells

Question 6

What is the function of the smooth ER

Answer 6

• high concentration of enzymes
• Diverse metabolic functions
  . lipid synthesis
  . metabolism of carbohydrates
  . detoxification of drugs and poisons
  . storage of calcium ions
• hormone producing cells are rich in smooth ER

Question 7

What is the function of the Rough ER

Answer 7

• studded with ribosomes for protein production
• protein folding and modification occurs here
• vesicles that contain protein bud off from this

Question 8

What is the function of ribosomes

Answer 8

• float freely in the cytoplasm
• protein and rna structure
• site where proteins are made

Question 9

What is the function of lysosomes

Answer 9

• processed in rough er and contain digestive enzymes to digest invading cells (phagocytosis)
• breakdown worn out components of the cell

Question 10

What are the three types of cytoskeletons

Answer 10

-actin= cell structure, shape and movement
- microtubules= tracks for motor proteins
- intermediate = anchorage for organelles

Question 11

What are motor proteins

Answer 11

• use microtubule as a track to transport cellular cargo e.g. organelles and proteins
• require energy in form of ATP

Question 12

what is the structure and function of cilia and flagella

Answer 12

• structures beat to allow movement of fluid across cell surface, and in single cells enables them to swim e.g. sperm
• requires atp

Question 13

What is the function of the mitochondria

Answer 13

• site of respiration which gives energy in the form of ATP
• proteins and enzymes built in to the inner membrane

Question 14

What is cellular respiration

Answer 14

• conversion of energy from one form into another that can be used
• chemical process in which energy is released from the breakdown of glucose.
• the progressive oxidation of glucose to form energy that is in the form of ATP to support other cellular functions in the body

Question 15

How does ATP release energy

Answer 15

Through a chemical breakdown with water( hydrolysis)

Question 16

What is Glycolysis

Answer 16

• the break up of glucose taking place in the cytoplasm
• turns 6 carbon glucose into 2x 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

Question 17

What is the purpose of the krebs cycle

Answer 17

Once glycolysis breaks glucose down to 3 carbon molecules, krebs transfers these to electron carries which can be used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP

Question 18

What is NADH and FADH2

Answer 18

• NAD+ and FAD pick up electrons from one molecule and drop them off with another and carry electrons that have high energy down the steps
• provide electrons to electron transport chain

Question 19

What is the electron transport chain

Answer 19

The series of four protein complexes that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

What is anaerobic respiration

Answer 20

production of energy in the absense of oxygen, ignores krebs and converts pyruvate to lactate by NADH (lactic acid fermentation)

Question 21

What are some functions of the cell membrane

Answer 21

• boundaries of cells and organelles (protection and support)
• hold process enzymes close in proximity
• permeable
• maintain homeostasis
• surface receptors ( proteins ) for cell signalling

Question 22

What is passive transport

Answer 22

• susbstance moves from high concentration to low down a concentration gradient

Question 23

What is phosphorylation

Answer 23

when a phosphate joins to an adp to make atp

Question 24

What is osmosis

Answer 24

• movement of specifically water across a partially permeable membrane
• water moves to dilute a solute

Question 25

What is active transport

Answer 25

• requires atp energy to transport molecules and ions up a concentration gradient which allows cells to maintain internal concentrations of solutes