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Fundamentals of biology > Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Cell structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some features of the structure of prokaryotic cells

A
  • cell wall
    -flagellum
  • no nucleus( why they are pro and not eu karyotes)
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • asexual reproduction
  • single circular chromosomes
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2
Q

What are some of the features of the structure of Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • linear chromosomes
  • sexual reproduction via meiosis
  • membrane bound organelles
  • cell membrane
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3
Q

What are cell organelles

A

specialised sub units with specific functions

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4
Q

What are some features of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope has 2 lipid bilayers
  • contains genetic information (DNA)
  • DNA for protein production
  • membrane pores for transport
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5
Q

What are some features of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • extensive network of fluid filled membranes
  • half total membrane in eukaryotic cells
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6
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A
  • high concentration of enzymes
  • Diverse metabolic functions
    . lipid synthesis
    . metabolism of carbohydrates
    . detoxification of drugs and poisons
    . storage of calcium ions
  • hormone producing cells are rich in smooth ER
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7
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER

A
  • studded with ribosomes for protein production
  • protein folding and modification occurs here
  • vesicles that contain protein bud off from this
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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A
  • float freely in the cytoplasm
  • protein and rna structure
  • site where proteins are made
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9
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A
  • processed in rough er and contain digestive enzymes to digest invading cells (phagocytosis)
  • breakdown worn out components of the cell
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10
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeletons

A

-actin= cell structure, shape and movement
- microtubules= tracks for motor proteins
- intermediate = anchorage for organelles

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11
Q

What are motor proteins

A
  • use microtubule as a track to transport cellular cargo e.g. organelles and proteins
  • require energy in form of ATP
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12
Q

what is the structure and function of cilia and flagella

A
  • structures beat to allow movement of fluid across cell surface, and in single cells enables them to swim e.g. sperm
  • requires atp
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13
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A
  • site of respiration which gives energy in the form of ATP
  • proteins and enzymes built in to the inner membrane
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14
Q

What is cellular respiration

A
  • conversion of energy from one form into another that can be used
  • chemical process in which energy is released from the breakdown of glucose.
  • the progressive oxidation of glucose to form energy that is in the form of ATP to support other cellular functions in the body
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15
Q

How does ATP release energy

A

Through a chemical breakdown with water( hydrolysis)

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16
Q

What is Glycolysis

A
  • the break up of glucose taking place in the cytoplasm
  • turns 6 carbon glucose into 2x 3 carbon pyruvate molecules
17
Q

What is the purpose of the krebs cycle

A

Once glycolysis breaks glucose down to 3 carbon molecules, krebs transfers these to electron carries which can be used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP

18
Q

What is NADH and FADH2

A
  • NAD+ and FAD pick up electrons from one molecule and drop them off with another and carry electrons that have high energy down the steps
  • provide electrons to electron transport chain
19
Q

What is the electron transport chain

A

The series of four protein complexes that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

production of energy in the absense of oxygen, ignores krebs and converts pyruvate to lactate by NADH (lactic acid fermentation)

21
Q

What are some functions of the cell membrane

A
  • boundaries of cells and organelles (protection and support)
  • hold process enzymes close in proximity
  • permeable
  • maintain homeostasis
  • surface receptors ( proteins ) for cell signalling
22
Q

What is passive transport

A
  • susbstance moves from high concentration to low down a concentration gradient
23
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

when a phosphate joins to an adp to make atp

24
Q

What is osmosis

A
  • movement of specifically water across a partially permeable membrane
  • water moves to dilute a solute
25
Q

What is active transport

A
  • requires atp energy to transport molecules and ions up a concentration gradient which allows cells to maintain internal concentrations of solutes

Fundamentals of biology (6 decks)

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