Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
- Spherical or oval shape
- Controls most cell processes
- Brain or center of the cell
Nucleus
- Contains the hereditary information of the cell
(DNA in the form of chromatin) (chromosomes (made of DNA))(only in eukaryotic cell)
Nucleus
contains the blueprint to;
* replicate cell
* how to synthesize protein
* how to transcribe DNA
* RNA
DNA
-carries the message of a particular protein from nucleus to the ribosomes.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
-brings specific amino acids to the ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
-Molecule in cells Involved in the formation of ribosomes, the organelle, which facilitate the translation
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- consist of 2 layers
outer layer has the
interaction in the external
part of nucleus. Contains
ribosomes. - Inner layer contains a
protein called lamin.
Nuclear envelope
Protein that binds with
histone protein during cell
division.
-also provides
structural function and transcriptional regulation
in the cell. It also interacts with chromatin and
gives structure to the nuclear envelope.
Lamin
-an extremely
rare, progressive genetic disorder that causes
children to age rapidly, starting in their first two
years of life.
Progeria
Gateway or passageway for ion, nucleotide,
proteins and others to get in, as well as materials
from the internal environment from the nucleus
would get out.
-Used for transportation of
materials from the nucleus to cytoplasm
Nuclear Pores
jelly like fluid in the cell; outside the nucleus
cytoplasm
- A semi-fluid substance within the nucleus which
contains number of enzymes which help in the
synthesis and functioning of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic
Acid)
Nucleoplasm
- Is the site for ribosome synthesis, rRNA (to be
attached to protein to make ribosome)
Nucleolus
Type of chromatin
– tight, closer to the inner
membrane, inaccessible to protein during
gene expression, does not involve incrossing over.
Heterochromatin
Type of chromatin
– loose, more on expression of
DNA. Makes the mRNA. Active in
transcription process (more in the center of
the nucleus). More on gene expression and
involve in crossing over
Euchromatin
- Responsible for synthesizing lipids, such as
steroids, fatty acid - assists in transport of macromolecules
- assembles and repairs the cell membrane.
Smooth ER
Enzyme used for detoxification
CYP450 (cytochrome P450)
It is when the body doesn’t have enough of an enzyme called G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)
G6PD Defficiency
- Contains ribosomes which make proteins
- Consist of tubes and flattened sacs called
cisternae - ER folds the synthesized proteins (proteins
must be properly folded)
Rough ER
process of adding glucose to Nitrogen
N-type Glycosylation
- Receives vesicle from Rough or Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum - Modify, sort and
package proteins and other
materials the ER for
storage in the cell or
release from the cell
Golgi Apparatus
process where glucose molecule is added to oxygen
O-type Glycosylation
Process where phosphate is added to proteins
Phosphorylation
Protein will undergo ____________ whithin the rough ER
Protein Folding
- Regulates the entrance and exit of molecules
into and out of the cell
Cell membrane/ Plasma Membrane
a type of membrane that has a very thin layer of protein and fat. It allows only selective substances to pass through it.
Selectively permeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion and
Vesicular Transport
Simple diffusion
A Phospholipid bilayer contains two parts;
-Hydrophilic Polar Heads
(loves water)
-Hydrophobic non polar tails (hates water)
responsible for
fluidity within the plasma membrane
Cholesterol
Two types of protein that are responsible for transportation of
molecules or materials from internal environment towards external environment
and vice versa
-Integral protein
-Peripheral protein
- Responsible for protein synthesis
- Composed of 70% protein, some are RNA
- Composed of two sub-unit
- Large sub-unit
- Small sub-unit
- Being synthesize within the nucleolus and would
pass through the nuclear pores, so it will get out
of the nucleus
Ribosomes
A type of ribosome that attaches to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Bound Ribosomes
A type of ribosome that synthesizes proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell.
Free Ribosomes
-Cell’s recycle center
- Where intracellular digestion takes place
- breaks down macromolecules
Lysosome
Removal of worn out organelle (redundant cell)
Autophagy
Process of eating or recycling the damage cells
Autolysis
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down proteins
Protease
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids
Nuclease
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down glucose/carbohydrates
Glucosidase
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down lipids
Lipase
- Free radical scavengers
- Contains catalytic enzyme (catalase), ability to
convert molecules to a safe molecule
Peroxisome
- Power house of the cell
- Burns glucose to release
energy - Stores energy as ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) - Cristae are found in
mitochondria and are a
fold (ridges) in their
inner membrane
Mitochondira
houses the
mitochondrial DNA and where metabolic
reaction occurs (to synthesize ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation enzymes)
Mitochondrial matrix
- Scattered or all around the cell
- Provides structure and support, intracellular
transportation, contractility and motility and
spatial organization
Cytoskeleton
- contains myosin and actin
-responsible for cytokinesis (a cleavage
being formed within the parental cells
that enables separation) of mitosis - makes the constriction ring for it will
facilitate the division in mitosis
Microfilament
the ability of the WBC to patch when there’s a wound, to blood cloth
diapedesis
Two proteins responsible
for muscle’s contraction and relaxation
myosin and actin
- act as an anchor for cell to cell or cell to
organelle - provides support to the plasma
membrane and help form desmosome - can also be found in centrosome (near the nucleus)
Intermediate filaments
- rod like
- directs the mitotic spindle
- determines the shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
Microtubules
- is the fluid (jelly like)
substance inside of a cell
made up mainly of water
(70% water) - includes everything
inside of the cell
membrane except for the
nucleus
-acts as a medium for most chemical activities of
the cell to occur - contains enzymes and organelles
Cytoplasm
- is the watery portion of the
cytoplasm that all the organelles float in
Cytosol
-Green pigment (Chloropyll)
-There is also a presence of lamellae
-Contains starch granules and serve as atemporary storage of the intermediate product of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Pigment rich, contains carotenoid, which
gives fruit, flowers and leaves (orange, red
and yellow)
Chromoplast
Non color plastid
It functions as storage of nutrients like starch, oil and protein granules
Leucoplast
Type of plastid that stores oil
Elaioplast
Type of plastid that is found in the roots
Amyloplast
Type of plastid that stores proteins
Aleuroplast
- Is the storage structure in a cell (contains tannin)
- It can hold food for later use or waste removal
and pigment deposition
Vacuole
Poisonous toxin that serves as a plant’s defense mechanism
Tannin
- Provides rigidity and provides structural support to a plant cell
- Compose of cellulose
Cell wall
The creation of DNA from DNA
Replication
The creation of RNA from DNA
Transcription
