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GENERAL BIOLOGY > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Spherical or oval shape
  • Controls most cell processes
  • Brain or center of the cell
A

Nucleus

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2
Q
  • Contains the hereditary information of the cell
    (DNA in the form of chromatin) (chromosomes (made of DNA))(only in eukaryotic cell)
A

Nucleus

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3
Q

contains the blueprint to;
* replicate cell
* how to synthesize protein
* how to transcribe DNA
* RNA

A

DNA

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4
Q

-carries the message of a particular protein from nucleus to the ribosomes.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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5
Q

-brings specific amino acids to the ribosome

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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6
Q

-Molecule in cells Involved in the formation of ribosomes, the organelle, which facilitate the translation

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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7
Q
  • consist of 2 layers
    outer layer has the
    interaction in the external
    part of nucleus. Contains
    ribosomes.
  • Inner layer contains a
    protein called lamin.
A

Nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Protein that binds with
histone protein during cell
division.

-also provides
structural function and transcriptional regulation
in the cell. It also interacts with chromatin and
gives structure to the nuclear envelope.

A

Lamin

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9
Q

-an extremely
rare, progressive genetic disorder that causes
children to age rapidly, starting in their first two
years of life.

A

Progeria

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10
Q

Gateway or passageway for ion, nucleotide,
proteins and others to get in, as well as materials
from the internal environment from the nucleus
would get out.
-Used for transportation of
materials from the nucleus to cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Pores

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11
Q

jelly like fluid in the cell; outside the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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12
Q
  • A semi-fluid substance within the nucleus which
    contains number of enzymes which help in the
    synthesis and functioning of DNA
    (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic
    Acid)
A

Nucleoplasm

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13
Q
  • Is the site for ribosome synthesis, rRNA (to be
    attached to protein to make ribosome)
A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

Type of chromatin
– tight, closer to the inner
membrane, inaccessible to protein during
gene expression, does not involve incrossing over.

A

Heterochromatin

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15
Q

Type of chromatin
– loose, more on expression of
DNA. Makes the mRNA. Active in
transcription process (more in the center of
the nucleus). More on gene expression and
involve in crossing over

A

Euchromatin

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16
Q
  • Responsible for synthesizing lipids, such as
    steroids, fatty acid
  • assists in transport of macromolecules
  • assembles and repairs the cell membrane.
A

Smooth ER

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17
Q

Enzyme used for detoxification

A

CYP450 (cytochrome P450)

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18
Q

It is when the body doesn’t have enough of an enzyme called G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)

A

G6PD Defficiency

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19
Q
  • Contains ribosomes which make proteins
  • Consist of tubes and flattened sacs called
    cisternae
  • ER folds the synthesized proteins (proteins
    must be properly folded)
A

Rough ER

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20
Q

process of adding glucose to Nitrogen

A

N-type Glycosylation

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21
Q
  • Receives vesicle from Rough or Smooth
    endoplasmic reticulum
  • Modify, sort and
    package proteins and other
    materials the ER for
    storage in the cell or
    release from the cell
A

Golgi Apparatus

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22
Q

process where glucose molecule is added to oxygen

A

O-type Glycosylation

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23
Q

Process where phosphate is added to proteins

A

Phosphorylation

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24
Q

Protein will undergo ____________ whithin the rough ER

A

Protein Folding

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25
Q
  • Regulates the entrance and exit of molecules
    into and out of the cell
A

Cell membrane/ Plasma Membrane

26
Q

a type of membrane that has a very thin layer of protein and fat. It allows only selective substances to pass through it.

A

Selectively permeable membrane

27
Q

Facilitated diffusion and
Vesicular Transport

A

Simple diffusion

28
Q

A Phospholipid bilayer contains two parts;

A

-Hydrophilic Polar Heads
(loves water)

-Hydrophobic non polar tails (hates water)

29
Q

responsible for
fluidity within the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

30
Q

Two types of protein that are responsible for transportation of
molecules or materials from internal environment towards external environment
and vice versa

A

-Integral protein
-Peripheral protein

31
Q
  • Responsible for protein synthesis
  • Composed of 70% protein, some are RNA
  • Composed of two sub-unit
  • Large sub-unit
  • Small sub-unit
  • Being synthesize within the nucleolus and would
    pass through the nuclear pores, so it will get out
    of the nucleus
A

Ribosomes

32
Q

A type of ribosome that attaches to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Bound Ribosomes

33
Q

A type of ribosome that synthesizes proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell.

A

Free Ribosomes

34
Q

-Cell’s recycle center
- Where intracellular digestion takes place
- breaks down macromolecules

A

Lysosome

35
Q

Removal of worn out organelle (redundant cell)

A

Autophagy

36
Q

Process of eating or recycling the damage cells

A

Autolysis

37
Q

Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down proteins

A

Protease

38
Q

Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids

A

Nuclease

39
Q

Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down glucose/carbohydrates

A

Glucosidase

40
Q

Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down lipids

A

Lipase

41
Q
  • Free radical scavengers
  • Contains catalytic enzyme (catalase), ability to
    convert molecules to a safe molecule
A

Peroxisome

42
Q
  • Power house of the cell
  • Burns glucose to release
    energy
  • Stores energy as ATP
    (adenosine triphosphate)
  • Cristae are found in
    mitochondria and are a
    fold (ridges) in their
    inner membrane
A

Mitochondira

43
Q

houses the
mitochondrial DNA and where metabolic
reaction occurs (to synthesize ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation enzymes)

A

Mitochondrial matrix

44
Q
  • Scattered or all around the cell
  • Provides structure and support, intracellular
    transportation, contractility and motility and
    spatial organization
A

Cytoskeleton

45
Q
  • contains myosin and actin
    -responsible for cytokinesis (a cleavage
    being formed within the parental cells
    that enables separation) of mitosis
  • makes the constriction ring for it will
    facilitate the division in mitosis
A

Microfilament

46
Q

the ability of the WBC to patch when there’s a wound, to blood cloth

A

diapedesis

47
Q

Two proteins responsible
for muscle’s contraction and relaxation

A

myosin and actin

48
Q
  • act as an anchor for cell to cell or cell to
    organelle
  • provides support to the plasma
    membrane and help form desmosome
  • can also be found in centrosome (near the nucleus)
A

Intermediate filaments

49
Q
  • rod like
  • directs the mitotic spindle
  • determines the shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
A

Microtubules

50
Q
  • is the fluid (jelly like)
    substance inside of a cell
    made up mainly of water
    (70% water)
  • includes everything
    inside of the cell
    membrane except for the
    nucleus
    -acts as a medium for most chemical activities of
    the cell to occur
  • contains enzymes and organelles
A

Cytoplasm

51
Q
  • is the watery portion of the
    cytoplasm that all the organelles float in
A

Cytosol

52
Q

-Green pigment (Chloropyll)
-There is also a presence of lamellae
-Contains starch granules and serve as atemporary storage of the intermediate product of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

53
Q

Pigment rich, contains carotenoid, which
gives fruit, flowers and leaves (orange, red
and yellow)

A

Chromoplast

54
Q

Non color plastid
It functions as storage of nutrients like starch, oil and protein granules

A

Leucoplast

55
Q

Type of plastid that stores oil

A

Elaioplast

56
Q

Type of plastid that is found in the roots

A

Amyloplast

57
Q

Type of plastid that stores proteins

A

Aleuroplast

58
Q
  • Is the storage structure in a cell (contains tannin)
  • It can hold food for later use or waste removal
    and pigment deposition
A

Vacuole

59
Q

Poisonous toxin that serves as a plant’s defense mechanism

A

Tannin

60
Q
  • Provides rigidity and provides structural support to a plant cell
  • Compose of cellulose
A

Cell wall

61
Q

The creation of DNA from DNA

A

Replication

62
Q

The creation of RNA from DNA

A

Transcription

GENERAL BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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