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GENERAL BIOLOGY > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.

A

Cell Cycle

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2
Q

-a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

  • Results in diploid cells (2n = 46 chromosomes)
  • Takes place throughout an organism’s lifetime
  • Involved in asexual reproduction
A

Mitosis

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3
Q

Produces genetically unique cells
- Results in haploid cells (1n = 23 chromosomes)
(needs maternal and paternal cells to complete the 46
chromosomes)
- Takes place only at a certain time in an organism’s
life cycle
- Involved in sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

cells that continuously multiply and divide throughout life.

A

Labile Cell

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5
Q

Type of cell that is present in skin

A

Epithelial Cells

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6
Q

Does not constantly proliferate
- After it complete the phase, it will stay under G0
phase
- It would only replicate if there is a stimulus
- Liver. Hepatocytes – meaning it would
regenerate.
- Epithelium of kidney tubules and alveolar of the
lungs

A

Stable cell

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7
Q
  • Cells that would no longer proliferate after it undergoes the
    cycle
  • Skeleton muscle, cardiac muscles and neurons
A

Permanent/Amitotic Cells

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8
Q

-genes that make sures that there is not abnormal
growth of cells. Disruption of cells could cause
cancer cells.

A

Tumor Suppressor Genes

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9
Q

90% of the process (of the entire cell cycle)
- Mammalian cells = 12-24 hours to complete
interphase
- Root tip = 12-30 hours to complete interphase

A

Interphase

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10
Q
  • Prepares the cell
  • Cell would start making more organelles for it to
    be enough to replicate the cell
  • Cell would start synthesizing proteins and
    enzymes
  • Repair of thymidine dimer. It would scan DNA
    to make sure that there are no mistakes to avoid
    mutation
  • it is use to synchronize cell during G1 and S
    phase
  • Last for 8 hours or a year depending on a cell
    type
A

G1 Phase (1st Gap Phase)

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11
Q
  • Phase quiescent stage
  • Rest phase for cells
A

G0 Phase

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12
Q
  • DNA is being replicated to form 2 sister
    chromatids, which is held at centromere.
  • DNA polymerase would help in replication of
    DNA
  • Enzymes would open a bubble in a DNA
    strand. As it opens, it would start replicating
    for a new strand of DNA
  • The diploid cell (2n) would now become 2
    diploid cells (4n).
A

S Phase (Synthesis)

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13
Q
  • Found in between G1 and S phase
  • Make sures that there’s no issue with the
    cells and have enough enzymes
  • DNA would decide if it would divide or not,
    or enter rest phase
A

G1/S phase checkpoint

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14
Q

The cell growth will continue and continue
increase the cytoplasm
- Make sures that everything is equal
- Increase in synthesizing of ATP or energy that is
needed for cell division

A

G2 Phase

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15
Q
  • Cells make sures to prevent damage cells
    (damage DNA)
  • The cell would either repair or stop to
    proliferate
A

G2-M Checkpoint

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16
Q

a condition of the cell where it could no longer
proliferate, even if there is a strong stimulus
present.

A

Cellular Senescence

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17
Q

Nuclear envelope would start to dissolve.
- There would be a phosphorylation of the Lamin
and the histone would activate proteases and
dissolve the nuclear envelope
- Nucleus would disappear and leave loose
chromatins that would start to condense
- Microtubules organizing center (MTO)
- Would form centrosomes and move apart to
opposite directions

A

Prophase

18
Q

imaginary line within the cell
that is where the chromosomes would start to
line up

A

Metaphase plate

19
Q
  • Centrosomes are already in opposite poles. It
    would also start budding out mitotic spindles
    and would start attaching to kinetochore.
  • Kinetochore is a protein that connect
    chromosomes to microtubules of mitotic spindle
A

Metaphase

20
Q
  • The cell would check if the sister chromatids
    are correctly attached to the mitotic spindle
  • If it’s not, it would pause to give time to the
    sister chromatids to attached to the mitotic
    spindle
A

M Checkpoint or Spindle Checkpoint

21
Q
  • Mitotic spindle will start pulling the
    chromosomes apart. Motor proteins contain
    dynein and kinesin
  • As they separate, they are now called daughter
    chromosome
  • Cohesin – a type of protein that connects
    chromosomes in centromere
A

Anaphase

22
Q

Spindle fibers will disappear
- Chromosomes would start to uncoil. It would
go back as loose chromatin
- Nuclear envelope or reappearing, as well as the
nucleus.
- It would start constricting to form the cleavage
(myosin protein).
- By creating cleavage furrow, it would now lead
to cytokinesis
- In Plants
- As vesicles became secretary vesicles from
the Golgi apparatus. It is filled with cell wall
components called cellulose.
- Vesicles (cellulose) would build up and
create a cell plate, to become a cell wall in
that would trigger cell division or
cytokinesis

A

Telophase

23
Q
  • The diploid cell (a result of mitosis) would start
    DNA replication and begins Meiosis I.
  • Homologues are pulled apart and sister
    chromatids would stay together.
  • It will undergo cell division and create 2 haploid
    cells
A

Meiosis I

24
Q
  • Same with prophase in mitosis
  • Disappearance of nucleus and nuclear
    envelope
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Crossing over occurs. It is an exchange of
    genetic information between 2 sister
    chromosomes
  • Proteins will break both DNA strands of the
    2 sister chromatids
  • The chromosomes have swapped each other
    DNA information
  • Every pair of homologous chromosomes
    will cross over at least once
  • At the end of it, it will have recombinant
    chromosomes or recombinant DNA
    (carrying genes from 2 chromosome)
A

Prophase I

25
Q
  • Almost the same with Metaphase in mitosis
  • The only difference is they would line up
    randomly
  • Mitotic spindles would attach to the
    chromosomes
A

Metaphase I

26
Q
  • This phase would start to pull apart the sister
    chromosomes
A

Anaphase I

27
Q
  • This phase would produce 2 haploid cells, genetically
    unique cells
A

Telophase I

28
Q

phase where it would generate
gametes and will create 4 haploid gametes
- Process is the same in Mitosis, the only
difference is the chromosomes have or is a
recombinant chromosome

A

Meiosis II

29
Q

Male gamete
- Haploid (1n=23)
- Also called spermatozoa

A

Sperm

30
Q
  • Contains nucleus
  • Contains chromosome
  • Autosomes: 22
  • Sex chromosomes: 1

PART OF THE SPERM

A

Head

31
Q
  • Contain the enzyme necessary for
    fertilization

PART OF THE SPERM

A

Acrosome

32
Q

Contains the Mitochondria
- Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or
energy since sperm cells are motile

PART OF THE SPERM

A

Midpiece

33
Q
  • Also called flagellum
  • Used in order to propel themselves
  • Moves in a whip-like motion to propel the sperm
    forward
A

Tail

34
Q

is the biological process of producing mature sperm cells, and occurs in a sexually reproductive organism’s male gonad. In this process, a series of events develop the undifferentiated male germ cells into spermatozoa.

  • Spermatogonia (2n)
  • Males are born with a finite number
  • Can undergo mitosis
  • Approximately 50-500 million sperm are ejaculated
    or per-ejaculation
A

Spermatogenesis

35
Q

Process that produces the egg cells (produces 4, but only 1 is
used to form an egg cell)

  • Primordial Follicles under FSH (follicle-stimulating
    hormone) are stimulated (produced from pituitary
    gland)
  • These are under develop cells
  • Develops into Graafian follicle
  • Pituitary Glands produces Luteinizing Hormone
    (LH) is secreted that causes ovulation
  • Graafian follicle releases ovum
  • Occurs on day 14 of cycle
  • Graafian follicle becomes corpus luteum under the
    influence of FSH and LH
  • Secretes Progesterone
A

Oogenesis

36
Q

Is the site where egg cells are produced

A

Ovary

37
Q

-wall that thickens to prevent polyspermy.

is a dense jelly type barrier that
surrounds the ovum. Sperm cells tend to get stuck
here when burrowing

A

Zona pellucida

38
Q

Spermatogenesis consists of the following stages: ____________, __________, __________, and __________. Spermatogenesis begins at puberty in humans, and continues throughout life. It can take some 64 days to complete the process.

A

spermatocytogenesis, spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis, and spermiation

39
Q

surrounds the oocytes that releases peptide for ovarian hormone synthesis regulation.

A

Follicle Cells

40
Q

supply vital proteins to the egg cell

A

Corona Radiata

41
Q

-Presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes
-More common in humans
-Nullisomy, monosomy, disomy trisomy and tetrasomy are the different types
-Causes chromosomal disorders; some of them are lethal

A

Aneuploidy

42
Q

-Presence of more than two homologous chromosome sets
-Rare in humans
-Triploid, tetraploid, hexaploidy, octaploid, dodecaploic, etc. are the different types
-Triploid and tetraploid situations are lethal

A

Polyploidy

GENERAL BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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