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Histology - Victor > Cell Structure 3 > Flashcards

Cell Structure 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What structures are associated with desmosomes and help anchor the nucleus?

A

Intermediate filaments.

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1
Q

T or F. Many integral membrane proteins are anchored by the actin cortex.

A

True.

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2
Q

Microfilaments are composed of ______.

A

Actin.

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3
Q

What supports the cell membrane and anchors integral proteins?

A

Actin cortex.

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4
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, muscle contraction, and cell division all have what in common?

A

Microfilament involvement.

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5
Q

The movement of actin filaments by addition and loss of actin on the + and - end is a process called _________.

A

Treadmilling.

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6
Q

Which actin binding proteins are involved in bundling?

A

Fascin, fibrin. Important for microvilli.

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7
Q

Which actin binding proteins are involved in cross-linking?

A

Spectrin, filamin, adductin, protein 4.1, protein 4.9. Important for actin cortex. A specter filled a duct with 4 proteins.

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8
Q

Which actin binding protein are involved with filament severing?

A

Gelsonin

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9
Q

Which actin binding proteins are involved in capping? What does capping do to actin filaments?

A

Tropomodulin. Stops growth at + end.

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10
Q

Which actin binding proteins are involved in motor?

A

Myosins I- IX.

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11
Q

T or F. Intermediate filaments are structurally and biochemically homologous.

A

False. Intermediate filaments are structurally homologous but biochemically different.

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12
Q

Name 3 functions of intermediate filaments.

A
  1. Maintenance of cell shape
  2. Anchorage of nucleus and other organelles.
  3. Formation of nuclear lamina.
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13
Q

How thick is an actin filament? Intermediate filament? Microtubule?

A
  1. Actin: 2nm.
  2. Intermediate filament: 8-12 nm.
  3. 25 nm.
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14
Q

______ ________ ________ allow epidermal cells to resist stress. (3 words)

A

Cytokeratin intermediate filaments.

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15
Q

Class I Intermediate filaments: Name 1 component polypeptide and the corresponding location where the filament is found.

A

Component polypeptide: acidic and basic cytokeratins.

Location: All epithelial cells.

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16
Q

Class II Intermediate filaments: Name 3 component polypeptides and the corresponding locations where the filament are found.

A
  1. Polypeptide: Vimentin, Location: Cells of mesenchymal origin (endothelium, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle)
  2. Polypeptide: Desmin, Location: Muscle.
  3. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Location: Glial cells (Astrocytes, Schwann cells)
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17
Q

Class III Intermediate filaments: Name 1 component polypeptide and the corresponding location where the filament is found.

A

Polypeptide: Neurofilament proteins, Location: Neurons.

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18
Q

Class IV Intermediate filaments: Name 1 component polypeptide and the corresponding location where the filament is found.

A

Polypeptide: Nuclear lamins A, B, C. Location: Nuclear lamina of all cells.

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20
Q

Microtubules are composed of _____ and ______ tubulin dimers.

A

Alpha, Beta

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21
Q

T or F. Like actin, microtubules grow only at the + end and shortens only at the - end.

A

False. Microtubules can also shorten at the + end.

22
Q

The - end of a microtubule is embedded in the ____________.

A

Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

23
Q

T or F. Kinesin and dynein are ATPases.

A

True.

24
Q

Kinesin is an ______ motor.

A

Anterograde, it moves from - to +.

25
Q

Dynein is a _______ motor.

A

Retrograde, moves from + to -.

26
Q

What are the 3 different surfaces of an epithelial cell?

A

Apical, lateral, basal.

27
Q

Microvilli are composed of which filament?

A

Actin.

28
Q

What is a consequence of Microvillus Inclusion Disease?

A

Inability to absorb nutrients, refractory diarrhea.

29
Q

Cilia in the human trachea help _____________.

A

Moves fluid/material over the epithelium.

30
Q

What is a basal body?

A

A nucleating center for microtubules.

31
Q

How is a ciliary axoneme organized?

A

9 + 2 organization.

32
Q

Ciliary axonemes move by _______ (dynein or kinesin) dependent hydrolysis of ATP.

A

Dynein.

33
Q

A ciliary axoneme suffering from Kartegener’s Syndrome lacks ______.

A

Dynein arms.

34
Q

T or F. Like most cilia, stereocilia is made of microtubules. Where are stereocilia located?

A

False. They are actually long microvilli and are made up of actin. Located on epididymis and hair cells of cochlea.

35
Q

How does kinocilia differ from typical cilia? Where can you find kinocilia?

A

Kinocilia is nonmotile and organized 9 + 0. It is present on hair cells of inner ear.

36
Q

The _______ (apical, lateral, basal) wall is heavily involved in adhesion.

A

Lateral.

37
Q

What are functions of Tight Junctions?

A
  1. Prevents passage of water soluble molecules
  2. Prevents movement of integral membrane proteins.
  3. Connects cells to neighbors
  4. Maintains gradients.
38
Q

Tight junctions consists of a complex of proteins which include _____ and _____.

A

Occludin, claudin.

39
Q

Name 2 types of anchoring junctions (anchor between cells).

A

Adherens junctions. Desmosomes.

40
Q

What are the components of the adherens junction?

A

Ca2+ dependent adhesive interactions mediated by cadherin proteins. Actin filaments anchored via catenin and vinculin.

41
Q

What are the components of desmosomes?

A

Adhesive action mediated by desmoglein and desmoplakin. Intermediate filaments anchored to desmoplakin/pakoglobin attachment plaque.

42
Q

Gap junctions are channels composed of ______.

A

Connexons (connexons are made of 6 connexin subunits).

43
Q

What are 2 functions of gap junctions?

A
  1. Allows passage of ions and small molecules between cells.
  2. Couples cells electrically and metabolically.
44
Q

What are 3 functions of basement membranes and Cell-to-Extracellular Matrix connection?

A
  1. Support
  2. Adhesion
  3. Filtration
45
Q

What are 4 major components of basement membrane/cell-to-extracellular matrix connections?

A
  1. Laminin
  2. Type IV collagen
  3. Entactin
  4. Perlecan
46
Q

What are integrins? What do they do?

A

Transmembrane proteins consisting of a/b heterodimer. Important in signal transduction via coupling to second messenger systems.

47
Q

Alpha chains of integrins bind to …?

A

Alpha chains mediate adhesion by binding to short recognition sequences on ECM molecules such as laminin, fibronectin and collagen.

48
Q

The integrin cytoplasmic doman is coupled to _____ cytoskeleton.

A

Actin.

49
Q

What is Pemphigus and what are symptoms?

A

Autoimmune disease directed against components of desmosome and hemidesmosome. Epidermal blistering and loss of extracellular fluids

50
Q

What is Alport’s Sydrome and what are symptoms?

A

Inherited defect in structure of Type IV collagen.

Symptoms include hematuria

69
Q

Name 4 functions of microtubules.

A
  1. Cell shape
  2. Organelle movement
  3. Chromosome movements in cell division
  4. Cell motility

Histology - Victor (7 decks)

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