Cell Division

Question 0

What are 2 extrinsic factors of cell cycle control?

Answer 0

nutrients, growth factors

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

Answer 1

G1, Synthesis, G2

Question 2

What is an intrinsic factor of cell cycle control?

Answer 2

cell senescence, accelerated aging

Question 3

What is Werner’s syndrome?

Answer 3

Mutation in DNA helicase (unwinds DNA). Faulty replication, faulty cell cycle.

Question 4

What is Progeria (Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome)?

Answer 4

Mutation in lamin A (intermediate filament), prevents cell division

Question 5

Which cyclin(s) push a cell from G1 to S?

Answer 5

Cyclin D, E. Goes from G1 to S only once Cyclin D and E passes threshold level.

Question 6

Which cyclin(s) push a cell from S to G2?

Answer 6

Cyclin A

Question 7

Which cyclin pushes a cell from G2 to M?

Answer 7

Cyclin B

Question 8

What happens during G1? How long is this phase?

Answer 8

Growth and protein synthesis. Variable duration.

Question 9

What happens during S phase? How long does this phase take?

Answer 9

DNA synthesis, genome duplication, 2n->4n. Centrosome duplicated. 8-10 hours.

Question 10

What happens during G2 phase? How long does this phase last?

Answer 10

RNA, tubulin, other energy and proteins made. 2-4 hours.

Question 11

In a metaphase chromosome, sister chromatids are connected at the _______.

Answer 11

Centromere.

Question 12

What happens during prophase?

Answer 12

1. Chromosomes condense,
2. kinetochores assemble on centromeres,
3. centromeres (MTOCs) migrate to poles,
4. spindles begin to form.

Question 13

What happens during prometaphase?

Answer 13

1. Nuclear envelope begins to break down
2. Microtubules attach to kinetochores
3. Chromosomes begin to migrate.

Question 14

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 14

Chromosomes maximally condense and line up on metaphase plate.

Question 15

What are the three types of microtubules?

Answer 15

kinetochore, polar, astral

Question 16

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 16

Sister chromatids separate, cleavage furrow begins to form

Question 17

What happens during telophase?

Answer 17

1. Spindle microtubules begin to depolymerize
2. Nuclear envelope forms around daughter nuclei
3. Chromosomes begin to de-condense and nucleoli form
4. Cleavage furrow deepens

Question 18

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 18

Cytoplasm divides.

Question 19

The contractile ring involved in cytokinesis is made of _____ and _____.

Answer 19

Actin and myosin.

Question 20

What are two cellular signs of malignancy?

Answer 20

An increase in the number of mitotic figures and diversity of nuclear morphology are signs of malignancy.

Question 21

What are two potential processes an anticancer drug can inhibit?

Answer 21

1. Mitotic spindle formation

2. DNA synthesis

Question 22

What 3 anticancer drugs disrupt mitotic spindle formation?

Answer 22

Vincristine, colchicine, taxol.

Question 23

What are 3 anticancer drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis?

Answer 23

5 fluorouracil
methotrexate
cytosine arabinoside

Question 24

What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis?

Answer 24

Chromosomes that have been replicated condense and pair with homologues to form tetrads.

Question 25

What happens during metaphase 1 of meiosis?

Answer 25

Tetrads held together my chiasmata. Chromosomes arrange themselves on the equator of the spindle.

Question 26

What happens during anaphase 1?

Answer 26

Homologues separate and migrate to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 27

What happens during telophase 1 of meiosis?

Answer 27

Separates into 2 daughter cells.

Question 28

What are the 5 cell stages of meiotic prophase 1?

Answer 28

1. Leptotene 2. Zygotene 3. Pachytene 4. Diplotene 5. Diakinesis "He lept and zigzagged, packing a dipstick and diabetes." yea...

Question 29

What happens during the leptotene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

Answer 29

Chromosmes condense forming long strands in nucleus.

Question 30

What happens during the zygotene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

Answer 30

Homologous chromosomes pair up through formation of synaptonemal complex forming a tetrad or bivalent

Question 31

What happens during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

Answer 31

1. Chromosmes continue to condense | 2. Chiasmata (crossing over sites) form as random exchange of genetic material occurs between homologous chromosomes

Question 32

What happens during the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

Answer 32

1. Chromosomes continue to condenserevealing chiasmata | 2. Areas of decondensation allow RNA synsthesis

Question 33

What happens during the diakinesis stage of meiotic prophase 1?

Answer 33

Chromosomes condense maximally | Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

Question 34

Centromeres can be located in a variety of places in a metaphase chromosome. LIst the 4 types of chromosomes in the order of centromere distance from the middle of the chromosome.

Answer 34

Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric.

Question 35

What is the arrangement of chromosomes from largest to smallest called?

Answer 35

Karyotype.

Question 36

What is special about the karyotype of a Down's syndrome patient?

Answer 36

Trisomy 21.

Question 37

How are double minute chromosomes involved in drug resistance?

Answer 37

These circular fragments of extracellular DNA replicate in the nucleus during cell division, gene amplify during tumor growth, and harbor extra oncogenes/drug resistance genes.

Question 38

What would you use to stain the highly conserved banding patterns of a chromosome?

Answer 38

Giemsa stain.

Question 39

What mutation causes chronic myelogenous leukemia, and what happens as a result?

Answer 39

Crossover of chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to uncontrollable replication.