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Histology - Victor > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

0
Q

What are 2 extrinsic factors of cell cycle control?

A

nutrients, growth factors

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1
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

A

G1, Synthesis, G2

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2
Q

What is an intrinsic factor of cell cycle control?

A

cell senescence, accelerated aging

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3
Q

What is Werner’s syndrome?

A

Mutation in DNA helicase (unwinds DNA). Faulty replication, faulty cell cycle.

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4
Q

What is Progeria (Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome)?

A

Mutation in lamin A (intermediate filament), prevents cell division

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5
Q

Which cyclin(s) push a cell from G1 to S?

A

Cyclin D, E. Goes from G1 to S only once Cyclin D and E passes threshold level.

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6
Q

Which cyclin(s) push a cell from S to G2?

A

Cyclin A

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7
Q

Which cyclin pushes a cell from G2 to M?

A

Cyclin B

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8
Q

What happens during G1? How long is this phase?

A

Growth and protein synthesis. Variable duration.

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9
Q

What happens during S phase? How long does this phase take?

A

DNA synthesis, genome duplication, 2n->4n. Centrosome duplicated. 8-10 hours.

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10
Q

What happens during G2 phase? How long does this phase last?

A

RNA, tubulin, other energy and proteins made. 2-4 hours.

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11
Q

In a metaphase chromosome, sister chromatids are connected at the _______.

A

Centromere.

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12
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes condense,
  2. kinetochores assemble on centromeres,
  3. centromeres (MTOCs) migrate to poles,
  4. spindles begin to form.
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13
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope begins to break down
  2. Microtubules attach to kinetochores
  3. Chromosomes begin to migrate.
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14
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes maximally condense and line up on metaphase plate.

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15
Q

What are the three types of microtubules?

A

kinetochore, polar, astral

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16
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate, cleavage furrow begins to form

17
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  1. Spindle microtubules begin to depolymerize
  2. Nuclear envelope forms around daughter nuclei
  3. Chromosomes begin to de-condense and nucleoli form
  4. Cleavage furrow deepens
18
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides.

19
Q

The contractile ring involved in cytokinesis is made of _____ and _____.

A

Actin and myosin.

20
Q

What are two cellular signs of malignancy?

A

An increase in the number of mitotic figures and diversity of nuclear morphology are signs of malignancy.

21
Q

What are two potential processes an anticancer drug can inhibit?

A
  1. Mitotic spindle formation

2. DNA synthesis

22
Q

What 3 anticancer drugs disrupt mitotic spindle formation?

A

Vincristine, colchicine, taxol.

23
Q

What are 3 anticancer drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis?

A

5 fluorouracil
methotrexate
cytosine arabinoside

24
Q

What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes that have been replicated condense and pair with homologues to form tetrads.

25
Q

What happens during metaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Tetrads held together my chiasmata. Chromosomes arrange themselves on the equator of the spindle.

26
Q

What happens during anaphase 1?

A

Homologues separate and migrate to opposite poles of the cell.

27
Q

What happens during telophase 1 of meiosis?

A

Separates into 2 daughter cells.

28
Q

What are the 5 cell stages of meiotic prophase 1?

A
  1. Leptotene
  2. Zygotene
  3. Pachytene
  4. Diplotene
  5. Diakinesis
    “He lept and zigzagged, packing a dipstick and diabetes.” yea…
29
Q

What happens during the leptotene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

A

Chromosmes condense forming long strands in nucleus.

30
Q

What happens during the zygotene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up through formation of synaptonemal complex forming a tetrad or bivalent

31
Q

What happens during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

A
  1. Chromosmes continue to condense

2. Chiasmata (crossing over sites) form as random exchange of genetic material occurs between homologous chromosomes

32
Q

What happens during the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase 1?

A
  1. Chromosomes continue to condenserevealing chiasmata

2. Areas of decondensation allow RNA synsthesis

33
Q

What happens during the diakinesis stage of meiotic prophase 1?

A

Chromosomes condense maximally

Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

34
Q

Centromeres can be located in a variety of places in a metaphase chromosome. LIst the 4 types of chromosomes in the order of centromere distance from the middle of the chromosome.

A

Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric.

35
Q

What is the arrangement of chromosomes from largest to smallest called?

A

Karyotype.

36
Q

What is special about the karyotype of a Down’s syndrome patient?

A

Trisomy 21.

37
Q

How are double minute chromosomes involved in drug resistance?

A

These circular fragments of extracellular DNA replicate in the nucleus during cell division, gene amplify during tumor growth, and harbor extra oncogenes/drug resistance genes.

38
Q

What would you use to stain the highly conserved banding patterns of a chromosome?

A

Giemsa stain.

39
Q

What mutation causes chronic myelogenous leukemia, and what happens as a result?

A

Crossover of chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to uncontrollable replication.

Histology - Victor (7 decks)

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