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Histology - Victor > Cell Structure 2 > Flashcards

Cell Structure 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are some functions of the RER?

A
  1. Synthesis of integral membrane and secreted proteins

2. Initial site of post translational modification of proteins/lipids.

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1
Q

What are some functions of the SER?

A
  1. Membrane synthesis
  2. Steroid hormone synthesis
  3. Detoxification (lipid soluble drugs, metabolic wastes, ingested toxins) using cytochrome p450 system.
  4. Ca2+ homeostasis (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
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2
Q

How small is a ribosome? Can you use a light microscope to see it?

A

12 nm wide, 25 nm long. No, light microscope resolution = .25 microns.

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3
Q

T or F. Secreted/transmembrane proteins often have a signal sequence, which helps move translation to the RER.

A

True. The hydrophobic signal sequence is translated, which halts translation until it reaches the RER, where translation resumes.

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4
Q

What are some functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Further post translational modifications of proteins (additional sugars, phosphorylated, sulfated etc).
  2. Assembly of multisubunit proteins
  3. Sorting and packaging into secretory vesicles.
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5
Q

Which face (cis, medial, trans) is closer to the plasma membrane? To the ER?

A
  1. Trans

2. Cis

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6
Q

Label the following in order (Golgi stuff). Medial, ERGIC, Trans, TGN, Cis.

A

ERGIC, Cis, Medial, Trans, TGN.
(ERGIC = endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment)
(TGN = Trans Golgi Network)

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7
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Small vesicles filled with acid hydrolases.

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8
Q

Where are lysosomes derived from?

A

Trans Golgi Network (TGN).

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9
Q

Membranes of the trans Golgi Network contain ______________ receptors that bind lysosomal enzymes.

A

mannose 6 phosphate receptors.

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10
Q

Listed are 6 types of substrates. Name the corresponding enzyme that breaks them down.

  1. Proteins
  2. Nucleic acids
  3. Polysaccharides
  4. Organic linked sulfates
  5. Lipids
  6. Organic linked phosphates
A
  1. Proteases
  2. Nucleases
  3. Glycosidases
  4. Aryly sulfatases
  5. Lipases/phospholipases
  6. Phosphatases
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11
Q

Give an example of why a cell would want to go through autophagy?

A

Get rid of damaged organelle.

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12
Q

Since epithelial cells don’t have an endocytotic pathway, they cannot remove ________.

A

lipofuscin residual bodies.

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13
Q

Tay Sachs is a deficit of the (1)_______ enzyme. (2)_________ accumulates as a result. (3)________ is most affected by Tay Sachs.

A
  1. Hexosaminidase
  2. Gangliosides
  3. CNS neurons
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14
Q

Hurler is a deficit of the (1)_______ enzyme. (2)_________ accumulates as a result. (3)________ is most affected Hurler.

A
  1. L-Iduronidase
  2. Dermatan sulfate
  3. Skeletal system
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15
Q

Niemann Pick is a deficit of the (1)_______ enzyme. (2)_________ accumulates as a result. (3)________ is most affected by Niemann Pick.

A
  1. Sphingomyelinase
  2. Sphingomyelin
  3. CNS Oligodendrocytes
16
Q

Pompe is a deficit of the (1)_______ enzyme. (2)_________ accumulates as a result. (3)________ is most affected by Pompe.

A
  1. Glucosidase
  2. Glycogen
  3. Heart
17
Q

Peroxisomes contain _______.

A

Catalase and other oxidative enzymes.

18
Q

2 functions of peroxisomes include ______.

A
  1. Break down of long fatty acid chains to produce Acetyl CoA and hydrogen peroxide.
  2. Detoxification
19
Q

How does a peroxisome replicate?

A

Fission. Enzymes are synthesized in the cytoplasm.

20
Q

How small is a peroxisome?

A

0.2 microns.

21
Q

How big is a mitochodria (diameter, length)?

A

0.5 microns in diameter, up to 7 microns in length.

22
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Houses ETC enzymes and ATP synthase protein complex.

23
Q

The matrix space of mitochondria houses ____, ____. ____, ____.

A
  1. Enzymes of Kreb cycle.
  2. Matrix granules (Ca homestasis)
  3. Circular DNA
  4. mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes
24
Q

T or F. Individuals are mosaics of genetically distinct mitochondria.

A

True.

25
Q

Is inheritance of mitochondria paternal or maternal?

A

Maternal.

26
Q

What is a clinical manifestation of mitochondrial cytopathies?

A

increased lactic acid levels.

27
Q

Name 4 examples of inclusions.

A
  1. Glycogen granules
  2. Lipid droplets
  3. Pigment granules (lipofuscin, melanin)
  4. Crystalline inclusions
28
Q

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

Heterochromatin is condensed, inactive and often on the edges of the nucleus. Euchromatin is dispersed, transcriptionally active and not on the edges of the nucleus.

29
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Site of RNA synthesis, and assembly of ribosomal subunits.

30
Q

What is the most basophilic structure in the cell?

A

Nucleolus

31
Q

Euchromatin has a diameter less than ______ (approximately).

A

30 nm.

32
Q

What does the nuclear pore complex transport?

A
  1. Free passage of ions/molecules <60kDa
  2. Facilitates bidirectional active transport of larger molecules (importins, exportins on molecules help transport in and out of nucleus).

Histology - Victor (7 decks)

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